HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MS. ANUPAM BAHRI MAMTA
MR. DEEPAK THAKUR 2071
LL.M.(2yr)
 Hypothesis is usually considered as an important
mechanism in Research. Hypothesis is a tentative
assumption made in order to test its logical or empirical
consequences. If we go by the origin of the word, it is
derived from the Greek word- ‘hypotithenai’ meaning ‘to
put under’ or to ‘to suppose’.
 It is a presumptive statement of a proposition or a

reasonable guess, based upon the available evidence,
which the researcher seeks to prove through his study.
NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
•Identify the research objectives.

•Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research
• Identify its relationship to both the problem statement and
literature review.
•A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is reduced to
hypothesis form.
•It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable.
•Hypothesis are not moral or ethical questions.
•It is a prediction of consequences.
IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS
•Hypothesis facilitates the extension of knowledge in an

area. They provide tentative explanations of facts and
phenomena, and can be tested and validated. It sensitizes
the investigator to certain aspects of the situations which
are relevant from the standpoint of the problem in hand.
•Hypothesis provide the researcher with rational

statements, consisting of elements expressed in a logical
order of relationships which seeks to describe or to explain
conditions or events, that have yet not been confirmed by
facts. The hypothesis enables the researcher to relate
logically known facts to intelligent guesses about unknown
conditions. It is a guide to the thinking process and the
process of discovery.
SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS
•Review of literature
•Discussion with the experts in the given field to understand
the problem, its origin and objectives in seeking a solution.
•Intuition of the researcher also sometimes helps in forming
• a good hypothesis.
•Previous empirical studies done on the given area.
VARIABLE
TO understand the types of hypothesis, we need to understand the concept of
variables first. The variables are empirical properties that take two or more
values or in other words a variable is any entity that can take on different values.
In simple terms, anything that can vary or that is not constant can be considered
a variable. For instance, age can be considered a variable because age can take
different values for different people or for the same person at different times.
Similarly, country can be considered a variable because a person’s country can be
assigned a value.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: The variables which are manipulated
or controlled or changed. These are also known as manipulated
variables. Researchers often mistake independent variable and assume
that it is independent of any manipulation. It is called independent
because variable is isolated from any other factor.
DEPENDANT VARIABLES:. The variable which changes on account

of independent variable is known as dependent variable. It is something
that depends on other factors. For example, a test score could be a
dependent variable because it could change depending on several
factors such as how much you studied, how much sleep you got the
night before you took the test, or even how hungry you were when you
took it..
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
• Simple
• Complex
•Empirical
•Null
•Alternative
•Logical
•Statistical
SIMPLE COMPLEX
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
Simple hypothesis is that • Complex hypothesis is that one in

one in which there exits which as relationship among variables
relationship between two exists.
variables one is called • In this type dependent and
independent variable or independent variables are more than
cause and the other is two .
dependent variable or effect. • Ex. Smoking and other drugs leads to
cancer, tension, chest infections etc.
• Ex. Smoking leads to • The higher ration of unemployment
cancer poverty illiteracy leads to crimes like
• The higher ratio of dacoit etc.
unemployment leads to
crimes.
EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
• Empirical which means it is based on evidence.

• In scientific method the word "empirical" refers to the use of
working hypothesis that can be tested using observation and
experiment.
• Empirical data is produced by experiment and observation.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
•These are used when the researcher believes there is no relationship

between two variables or when there is inadequate theoretical or
empirical information to state a research hypothesis.
• It is denoted by H0 or Hn.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
•The Alternative hypothesis is • A hypothesis which can be verified

a statement of what a statistically called statistical
hypothesis test is set up to hypothesis.
establish. • The statement would be logical or
•The alternative hypothesis, illogical but if statistic verifies it, it will
denoted by H1 or Ha, be statistical hypothesis..
•To test whether the data support or
• Is the hypothesis that
refute the research hypothesis, it
sample observations are needs to be translated into a statistical
influenced by some non- hypothesis. It is given in statistical
random cause. terms.
DIRECTIONAL NON-DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
• Directional Hypothesis predicts • Non-directional Hypothesis predicts

the direction of the relationship the relationship between the
between the independent and independent variable and the
dependent variable. dependent variable but does not specific
• Example- High quality of nursing the directional of the relationship.
education will lead to high quality of •Example-teacher-student relationship
nursing practice skills. influence student’s learning.
•Girls ability of learning moral • There is no significant difference
science is better than boys. between 9th class boys and girls abilities
of learning moral values.
CASUAL HYPOTHESIS
• Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects relationship or

interaction between the independent variable and dependent
variable.
• This hypothesis predicts the effect of the independent variable on
the dependent variable
ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative relationship

between the independent variable and the dependent
variable.
• When there is a change in any one of the variables,
changes also occurs in the other variable
FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS
•RICHNESS OF BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE: In the absence of

knowledge concerning a subject matter, one can make no well founded
judgment of relevant hypothesis. Background knowledge is essential for
perceiving relationships among the variables and to determine what
findings other researchers have reported on the problem under study.
•LOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACH: Formulation of proper hypothesis

depends on one’s experience and logical insight. Hypothesis does not have a
clear cut and definite theoretical background. Partly, it is a matter of lifting
upon an idea on some problem and it is not always possible to have complete
information of, and acquaintance with the scientific methods for formulating
hypothesis.
CONCLUSION
A hypothesis is an educated guess about something in the world around

us. Hypothesis are theoretical guesses based on limited knowledge;
they need to be tested. Thus, hypothesis testing is a decision-making
process for evaluating claims about a population. We use various
statistical analysis to test hypothesis and answer research questions.
THANKYOU

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HYPOTHESIS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

 It is a presumptive statement of a proposition or a

•Identify the research objectives.

•Hypothesis facilitates the extension of knowledge in an

•Hypothesis provide the researcher with rational

DEPENDANT VARIABLES:. The variable which changes on account

Simple hypothesis is that • Complex hypothesis is that one in

• Empirical which means it is based on evidence.

•These are used when the researcher believes there is no relationship

•The Alternative hypothesis is • A hypothesis which can be verified

• Directional Hypothesis predicts • Non-directional Hypothesis predicts

• Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects relationship or

• Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative relationship

•RICHNESS OF BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE: In the absence of

•LOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACH: Formulation of proper hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess about something in the world around

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