COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW

CH BALASUBRAMANYAM
PGT-COMPUTER SCIENCE
VELAMMAL BODHI CAMPUS - PONNERI
 INTRODUCTION
• Computers are the machines that have
revolutionized the world around us.
• The way we used to live around 25-30 years
ago is very different from how we live today.
• Computers have wonderful combination of
their hardware and software.
 HARDWARE and SOFTWARE
• HARDWARE – The physical electronic
components of a computer are called Hardware.
• Ex: Keyboard , CPU , Monitor , Printer etc.
• SOFTWARE – These are the recorded
instructions and programs that govern the
working of a computer.
Program is a set of instructions to carry out a
specific task or achieve a specific work goal.
BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
• Computer Organization refers to the logical
structure of a computer describing how its
components are connected to one another.
• And also it describes functioning and overall
performance of the computer
o Computers , as you must follow the ‘IPO’
principle i.e., INPUTPROCESS OUTPUT
Fig : Basic Computer Organization
 1.INPUT UNIT
• The input unit is formed by the input devices
attached to the computer.
• Input devices are – Keyboard , mouse ,
Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) , Optical
Mark Reader (OMR ), Optical Character Reader
(OCR) , joystick etc.
• The input unit is responsible for taking input
and converting it into computer understandable
form (BINARY CODE).
• A computer operates on electricity , it can
understand only the language of electricity.,
either ON or OFF or HIGH VOLTAGE or LOW
VOLTAGE.
• That means computer can understand two stages
ON/OFF or HIGH/LOW.
• The binary language that uses two symbols : 1
for ON and 0 for OFF.
• Ex: Keyboard , Mouse, Microphone (mic) etc.
 OUTPUT UNIT
• The output unit is formed by the output devices
attached to the computer.
• Output unit converts the output in binary form to
human readable form.
• The output coming from the CPU is in the from of
electronic binary signals which needs conversion
in some form which can be easily understood by
human beings.
• Ex: Monitors (or) screen , Printers, Speakers etc
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
• The CPU is the main control centre and
processing unit.
• It is also called brain of the computer as it
guides, directs, controls and governs the
performance of a computer.
• The CPU has sub-components
• (i)Arithmetic Logical unit (ALU)
• (ii) Control Unit (CU)
• (iii) Registers
 (i) ARITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT
• The ALU performs all the four arithmetic
(+,-,*,/) and some logical (<,>,=,<=,>=,!=)
operations.
• The result of a arithmetic operations is output
(in the form of numbers).
• The result of a logical operation is either True
or False, These operation provide the
capability of decision-making to the computer.
 (ii) CONTROL UNIT
• The CU controls and guides the interpretation , flow
and manipulation of all data and information.
• The CU sends control signals until the required
operations are done properly by ALU and memory .
• Another important function of CU is the Program
Execution i.e., carrying out all the instructions stored in
the program.
• The control unit even controls the flow of data from
input devices to memory and memory to output
devices.
 (iii) Registers
• Registers or Processor registers are small units
of data holding places.
• The CPU uses registers to temporarily hold
some important processing –information
during the time the processing is taking place.
• CPU may store some part data or some
memory address.
 MEMORY [MAIN MEMORY /PRIMARY
MEMORY]
• The memory of a computer is divided into
smaller ‘cells’.
• Each of those cells is further broken down into
smaller parts known as ‘bits’ . A bit means binary
digit i.e., either 0 or 1.
• A number of bits together are used to store data
instructions by their combination.
• A bit is an elementary unit of the memory. Eight
bits together form a byte.
UNITS OF COMPUTER MEMORY
MEASUREMENTS
 PARTS OF MAIN MEMORY
• In RAM , The memory cells can be accessed for
information transfer from any desired random
location.
• The main drawback of RAM memory is that it is a
volatile memory. That is when the power goes off ,
the contents of RAM get erased.
• The RAM Chips in a computer can be of two basic
types.
• (i)DRAM
• (ii) SRAM
 (i) DRAM
• DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access
Memory.
• DRAM made up of transistors and capacitors.
• The amount of time taken to produce data
required from memory is known as “MEMORY
ACCESS TIME”.
• Today’s DRAM chips have access time ranging
from 20 to 70 nanoseconds.
 (ii) SRAM
• SRAM stands for STATIC RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY.
• These are the made up of flip-flops .
• Fast Access time than DRAM (10 nano
seconds).
• Static RAM are that used in specialized
applications.
 READ ONLY MEMORY
• Read Only Memory is a memory unit that
performs the read operation only, it does not
have a write capability.
• The binary information stored in a ROM is
made permanent during the hardware
production.
• ROM is non-volatile
• ROM is slower than RAM.
 VARIOUS TYPES OF ROM
• There are 5 types of ROM.
– (i) PROM - Programmable ROM
– (ii) EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM
– (iii) EEPROM - (Electrically Erasable
Programmable ROM)
– (iv) Flash EEPROM
– (V) MASK ROM (programmed by IC manufacturer)
 THE STORAGE UNIT
• Computers need to store and retrieve data for
processing.
• Primary memory has a limited storage
capacity and is not permanent.
• Secondary storage devices are used to store
large amount of data permanently.
• There are various types of secondary devices
are available .
– (i) Hard Disks
– (ii) Compact Disks
(a)CD-ROM
(b) CD-R
( c) CD-RW
-(iii) DVDs
(a) DVD-ROM
(b) DVD-R
(c ) DVD-RW
-(iv) Flash Memory
-(v) Blu Ray Disk
 THE SYSTEM BUS
• The system bus is an electronic pathway
composed of connecting cables and that
connects the major components of a computer
system.
• DATA BUS – The data is carrying part of system
bus is called DATA BUS.
• CONTROL BUS – The control instruction carrying
part of system bus is called CONTROL BUS.
• ADDRESS BUS – The memory address carrying
part of system bus is called ADDRESS BUS.
• I/O BUS – A separate type of bus is called I/O
BUS, it connects the Input, Output and other
external devices to the system.
 MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
• Modern mobile system are tiny computers in your
hand.
• Mobile system organization combination of following
sub-systems.
– 1.Mobile Processor
– 2. Display subsystem
– 3. camera subsystem
– 4. Mobile system memory
– 5. storage
– 6. power management subsystem (Battery)
 1. MOBILE PROCESSOR (MOBILE CPU)

• This is the brain of a smart phone. The CPU

receives commands, makes instant
calculations , plays audio/video , stores
information and sends signals throughout the
device.
• The CPU of a mobile system has majorly two
sub-processor types.
– (i) COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
– (ii) APPLICATIONS PROCESSING UNIT (APU)
(i) COMMUNICATION PROCESSING UNIT

• This subsystem is responsible for making and

receiving phone calls on a mobile.
• It is also called Mobile System I/O unit.
• It has a digital signal processor it work with RF
Transceiver and the Audio subsystem.
• Radio Signal Management Unit is responsible
for connecting SIM.
(ii) APPLICATION PROCESSING UNIT (APU)

• This subsystem is responsible for governing ,

controlling all types of operations taking place
on a mobile system by running various types
of mobile applications
 2. DISPLAY SUBSYSTEM
• This subsystem is responsible for providing
–display facilities
-touch sensitive interface
- Touch sensitive keyboards.
 3. CAMERA SUB SYSTEM
• This subunit is designed to deliver a tightly
bound image processing package and
improved overall picture and video
experience.
• It has an integrated image signal processor ,
• Instant image capture
• High resolution support
• Image stabilization and
• Image enhancements
 4. MOBILE SYSTEM MEMORY
• A mobile system’s memory is comprised of
following two types of memories:
– (i)RAM
– (ii) ROM
(i) RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) : It is the
work memory of your mobile system. The
installed mobile apps , when run, are first
loaded in the RAM and then executed.
• (ii) ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) : The ROM is a
part of mobile system’s internal storage and it
is not accessible for users to write on and is
thus referred to as Read Only Memory.
 5. STORAGE
• The external storage of a mobile system is also
called “expandable storage”.
• it comes in the form of SD cards , or micro SD
cards
• it is the storage which can be removed easily by
you and can be used for storing PICTURES ,
MUSIC and VIDEOS etc.
• To an extent , even the cloud storage can also be
categorized as “ external storage”
 6.POWER MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM

• This subsystem is responsible for providing

power to the mobile system.
• The mobile systems work on limited power
provided through an attached battery unit.
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• A computer system consists of hardware and
software for its proper functioning.
• HARDWARE- Hardware represents the physical
and tangible components of the computer.
i.e., the components that can be seen and
touched.
• E.x: input devices, output devices, CPU, Hard
disk , printer etc.
 SOFTWARE
• Software represents the set of programs that
govern the operations of a computer system
and make the hardware run.
• Software can be broadly classified into two
categories:
• (i) System Software
• (ii) Application Software
 1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
• The software that controls internal computer
operations is called system software.
• A computer is a machine that knows nothing
of itself. The instructions are provided
through software.
• The system software can further be classified
into two categories.
• (i) Operating system
• (ii) Language processors.
 1.OPERATING SYSTEM
• An operating system is a software which acts as
an interface between a user and the hardware.
• An operating system is an important component
of computer system which controls all other
components of the computer system.
• The primary goal of an operating system is –
computer system convenient to use.
• The secondary goal is – use computer hardware is
efficient manner.
• The major components of a computer system are:
– 1.The hardware
– 2.The operating system
– 3.The application program routines
– 4.The Humanware (users)
Different types of operating system
(i)Single user OS (ii) Multi user OS (iii) Time sharing OS
(iv) Real time OS (v) multi processing OS (vi)
Distributed OS etc.
 2. LANGUAGE PROCESSORS
• A language processor is a special type of a
computer software that can translate the
source code into an object code or machine
code.
• SOURCE CODE – It refers to the program code
written by a programmer in high level language
(HLL) such as JAVA,C++,C etc.
• OBJECT CODE – It refers to the code in machine
language or binary code.
 THREE TYPES LANGUAGE PROCESSORS
• (i) Assembler- This language processor converts
the program written in assembly language into
machine language.
• (ii) Interpreter – An interpreter is type of system
software that translates and executes instructions
written in a computer program line-by-line.
• (iii)Compiler – A compiler is another type system
software that translates and executes instruction
written in a computer program.
 II. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• These are the programs written by programmers to enable
computer to perform a specific task such as processing
words, inventory control, handling calculations and figures ,
medical accounting , financial accounting, result
preparation , railway reservation , billing etc.
• Application software can further be divided into 4
categories :
– 1.Packages
– 2. Utilities
– 3. Customized software
– 4. Developer tools
 1. PACKAGES
• System software does not suffice for efficient use of
computers because the system software exists mostly
for the benefit of the computer.
• Application software are required to make the
computer useful for people.
• Application Software (Packages) are:
• (i) Word processing software
• (ii) Spreadsheets
• (iii) Database Management systems
• (iv)Desktop publishing software
• (v)Graphs, multimedia and presentation applications.
 2.UTILITIES
• Utilities are those application programs that assist the
computer by performing housekeeping functions like
backing up disk or scanning / cleaning viruses or arranging
information etc.
• Important utilities are :
• (i) Text editor
• (ii) Backup utility
• (iii) compression utility
• (iv) Disk Defragmentor
• (v) Antivirus software
• (vi)Disk cleaner
• (vi)Device Driver
UTILITY SOFTWARE
 CLOUD COMPUTING
• It is technology of distributed data processing
in which some scalable information resources
and capacities are provided as a service to
multiple customers through the internet
technology.
• It allows storing, accessing data and programs
using the internet.
CONCEPT OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 TYPES OF CLOUD
• There are broadly two types of clouds:
• (a) Public cloud
• (b) Private cloud
• (a)PUBLIC CLOUD: It is defined as a public cloud or
common cloud.
• Service provided to multiple users on a network.
• Public cloud services are provided through a
common portal or virtual platform owned and
operated by third –party cloud provider.
• In a public cloud service, the resources such as
memory ,hardware devices and network
devices are shared by all the clients are known
as “tenants” .
• Ex: Google drive, Microsoft
OneDrive/OneNote, iCloud, Amazon Cloud
Drive etc.
 (b) Private cloud
• Private cloud is a virtual private interface
provider by an individual or owned by one
organization.
• In a private cloud , all the resources such as
memory and services are dedicated solely to
an organization.
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

 IaaS (Infrastructure as a service) – A computer

infrastructure, typically presented in the form of
“Virtualization”. It is a service with in the concept of
cloud hosting.
 PaaS(Platform as a Service)- An integrated platform
for the development , deployment, testing and
support of web applications.
 SaaS (Software as a Service)- The business model of
software license which involves development and
support of the software vendor.
 DaaS (Desktop as a Service)- DaaS is another
business model of software license , a slightly
version of SaaS, mostly involving simultaneous
use of multiple services necessary to complete
a work.
Implementation of cloud computing
IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS)
THANK YOU ALL