Fluid Statics and Its Applications: Nature of Fluids Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Fluid
CHAPTER 2
Statics and Its Applications
 Nature of fluids
 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
 Applications of fluid statics

Nature of fluids
A fluid is a substance that does not
permanently resist distortion.
 Duringthe change in shape, shear

stresses exist, the magnitudes of which
depend upon the viscosity of the fluid
and the rate of sliding
Fluids include
 liquid ,
 gas
 andsolid particles suspended in li
quid and gas or slurry
Fluids also can be divided as
Incompressible——the density change
s only slightly with moderate changes in tem
perature and pressure
Compressible——the changes in densit
y caused by temperature and pressure are s
ignificant
 (Pressure concept : the pressure at any poin
t in the fluid is independent of direction)
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
 There is a vertical column o
f fluid shown in Fig.2.1
p +dp
 Three vertical forces are ac
ting on this volume:
 (1)the force from pressure
p acting in an upward direct
ion , which is pS;
 (2) the force from pressure
p+dp acting in a downward
direction , which is (p+dp)S
;
p
 (3)the force of gravity acting g
downward, which is gρsdz Figure2.1 Hydrostatic equilibrium
 Then
 pS  ( p  dp) S  g  SdZ  0 (2.1)
 After simplification and division by S,Eq.(2.1)

becomes
dp  g  dZ  0 (2.2)
Integration of Eq.(2.2) on the assumption that

density is constant gives
p
 gZ  const (2.3)

 Between the two definite heights Za and Zb show
n in Fig.2.1,
pb pb
  g (Z a  Zb ) (2.4)
 
Equation (2.3) expresses mathematically the condi

tion of hydrostatic equilibrium.
Gauge pressure, absolute pressure
and vacuum
 The relationship between gauge pressure a
nd absolute pressure
 P(gauge)=P(absolute)-P(atmosphere)
 The relationship between vacuum and absol
ute pressure
 P(vacuum)=P(atmosphere)-P(absolute)
 Or P(vacuum)=- P(gauge)
 The reading in the gauge is 1.5 kgf /cm2 =
=(?)N/m2, and the reading of the vacuum
gauge is 736 mmHg = ( )m H2O .If the a
tmospheric pressure is 1 atm, what happe
ns to the above cases in absolute pressure
?
 Barometric equation
 For an ideal gas , the density and pressure are
related by the equation
pM
 = (2.5)
RT
 Substitution from Eq.(2.5)intoEq.(2.2)gives

pM dp gM
=  dZ  0 (2.6)
RT p RT
or
Integration of Eq.(2.6)between levels a and b,
on the assumption that T is constant,gives
pb gM
ln  (Zb  Z a )
pa RT
pb  gM
 exp  

(Zb  Z a ) 
(2.7)
or pa  RT 
Equation(2.7)is known as the barometric equation.

Hydrostatic equilibrium in a
centrifugal field
In a rotating centrifuge a layer of liquid is
thrown outward from the axis of rotation and
is held against the wall by centrifugal force.
The free surface of the liquid takes the shape

of a paraboloid of revolution.
The rotational speed is so high and the
centrifugal force is so much greater than the
force of gravity that the liquid surface is
virtually cylindrical and coaxial with the
rotation.
The situation in shown in Fig.
dr
b
r1
r2 r
The entire mass of liquid indicated in Figure
is rotating as a rigid body, with no sliding of
layer of liquid over another.
 Under these conditions the pressure distribu
tion in the liquid may be found from the princ
iples of fluid static.
• The pressure drop over any ring of rotating li

quid is calculated as follows.
The volume element of thickness dr at a
radium r.
dF   rdm
2
If ρ is the density of the liquid and b the br

eadth of the ring.
dm   2 rbdr
Eliminating dm gives
dF  2 b r dr
2 2
The change in pressure over the element is th

e force exerted by the element of liquid, divid
ed by the area of the ring.
dF
dp    rdr
2
2 rb
The pressure drop over the entire ring is
r2
p2  p1    2 rdr
r1
Assuming the density is constant and integration g
ives
 2  (r22  r12 )
p2  p1 
2 (2.8)
Applications of fluid statics
 Manometer (pressure gauge)
The manometer is an important device for
measuring pressure differences.
 U tube manometer (or reverse U tube)
 Inclined manometer
 Differential manometer
U tube manometer
 It is the simplest form of manometer.
A pressure pa is exerted in one
arm of U tube and a pressure pb
in the other. pa pb
As a result of the difference in
pressure, the meniscus in one
branch of the tube is higher than 4
zm
ρB
that in the other. 3
Vertical distance between the Rm
two meniscuses Rm may be 1 2
used to measure the difference

ρA
in pressure.
 The pressure at the point 1 is
p1  pa  g ( zm  Rm )  B
 The pressure at the point 2 is
p2  pb  gzm  B  gRm  A
 p1 is equal to p2 for the continuous fluid at the sam

e level, thus
pa  g ( zm  Rm )  B  pb  gzm  B  gRm  A
Simplification of this equation gives
m  A   B）
pa  pb  gR（ (2.10)
Note that this relationship is independent o

f the distance zm, and of the dimensions of
the tube, provided that pressure pa and pb
are measured in the same horizontal plane
.
If fluid B is a gas, ρB is usually negligible c
ompared to ρA and may be omitted from E
q. (2.10)
Inclined manometer
 Usedfor measuring small differences in
pressure.
 By making α small, the magnitude of Rm is mu
ltiplied into a long distance R1, and large readi
ng becomes equivalent to a small pressure dif
ference
pa  pb  g   A   B  R1 sin  (2.1

1)
Differential manometer
P1 P2
R
A
 Example: H2O flows thro
ugh the pipe as shown in
Fig. A U-tube manometer
is used to measure the pr p
essure P in the pipe. If th

e atmosphere pressure p h pa
a is 1 atm, R and h of mer

cury and water columns a R
A A'
re 0.1 and 0.5 m, respecti

vely, what is pressure P i
n the pipe, N/m2? 图 1.11

Fluid Statics and Its Applications: Nature of Fluids Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Statics and Its Applications: Nature of Fluids Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Statics and Its Applications: Nature of Fluids Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid

 Applications of fluid statics

 Duringthe change in shape, shear

 After simplification and division by S,Eq.(2.1)

Integration of Eq.(2.2) on the assumption that

Equation (2.3) expresses mathematically the condi

 Substitution from Eq.(2.5)intoEq.(2.2)gives

Equation(2.7)is known as the barometric equation.

The free surface of the liquid takes the shape

• The pressure drop over any ring of rotating li

If ρ is the density of the liquid and b the br

The change in pressure over the element is th

used to measure the difference

 The pressure at the point 2 is

 p1 is equal to p2 for the continuous fluid at the sam

Note that this relationship is independent o

pa  pb  g   A   B  R1 sin  (2.1

essure P in the pipe. If th

a is 1 atm, R and h of mer

re 0.1 and 0.5 m, respecti

You might also like