Part II : IP

Week 5

Tanzeel ur Rehman (Lecturer, Elite Colleges)

 Course Outline
Part I: LAN Switching
Chapter 1: Ethernet Basics
Ethernet layer 1
Ethernet layer 2
Switching and Bridging Logic
SPAN and RSPAN
Chapter 2: Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking
VLANs
VLAN Trunking Protocols
VLAN Trunking
ISL and 802.1Q
Configuring PPPoE
Chapter 3: Spanning Tree Protocol
802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol
Optimizing Spanning Tree
Protecting STP
Troubleshooting complex layer 2 issues
Tanzeel ur Rehman (Lecturer, Elite Colleges)
 Part II: IP
Chapter 4: IP Addressing
Chapter 5: IP Services
Part III: IP Routing
Chapter 6: IP Forwarding (Routing)
Chapter 7: EIGRP
Chapter 8: OSPF
Chapter 9: IGP Routing
Chapter 10: Fundamentals of BGP Operations
Chapter 11: BGP Routing Policies
Part IV: Wide Area Network
Chapter 12: Wide Area Networks
Part V: IP Multicast
Chapter 13: IP Multicasting
Chapter 14: IP Multicast Routing
Tanzeel ur Rehman (Lecturer, Elite Colleges)
 Chapter 4 : IP Addressing
Week 5

Tanzeel ur Rehman (Lecturer, Elite Colleges)

 IP Addressing
 The MAC address provides the physical address for the network interface card.
However, it does not provide any information about the location of its network.
 Internet Protocol (IP) addressing provides a solution to worldwide addressing
by using a unique address that identifies the computer’s local network.
 IP network numbers are assigned by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA).
 IP addresses are classified as IPv4 and IPv6.
 IPv4 is the current TCP/IP addressing technique being used on the Internet. The
address space for IPv4 is quickly running out so, IPv6 is introduced.
1. IPv4 Addressing

 Current TCP/IP addressing technique being used on the Internet.

 A typical IP address is written as 192.168.1.5. The IP address is written in
decimal format but IP address in computer is written in binary format.
 The four numbers in the IP address are called octets because each part contains
eight positions in binary form.
 If all positions are added together, it gives 32. A combination of four octets
gives 232 or a possible 4,294,967,296 unique values.
 Some certain values are restricted from use as typical IP addresses. For
example, the IP address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the default network and
255.255.255.255 is used for broadcasts.
 The octets are divided into two sections of Network and Host.
2. IPv6 Addressing

 The addresses space for IPv4 is quickly running out due to the
rapid growth of the Internet. Ipv6 was introduced as a solution
for expanding the possible number of users on the internet.

 It is also called Ipng or the next generation IP.

 IPv6 uses 128-bit address technique as compared to IPv4’s

32-bit address structure.

 It provides a large number of IP addresses (2128).

 IP Header

 The length of the IP Header is 24 bytes.

 Version: IPv4 or IPv6

 Header Length: Defines the length of IP header. IP header length is

multiplied by 4 to give the actual number of bytes.

 DS Field: For Quality of Service (QOS).

 Packet Length: Identifies the entire length of IP packet including the

data.

 Identification: If a single packet is fragmented into multiple packets,

all fragments of the original packet contain the same identifier, so
that the original packet can be reassembled.

 Flags: 3 bits used by the IP packet fragmentation process.

 Fragment Offset: A number set in a fragment of a larger packet that identifies the
fragment's location in the larger original packet.

 Time To Live (TTL): A value used to prevent loops. Routers decrement this field
by 1 each time the packet is forwarded; once it decrements to 0, the packet is
discarded.

 Protocol: A field that identifies the contents of the data portion of an IP packet.

 Header Checksum: To detect bit error.

 Source IP: Sender IP address.

 Destination IP: Receiver IP address.

 Optional Header fields and Padding: For future extension.

 Classful and Classless IP Addressing

 Classless and classful addressing are mainly just two ways to think
about IP address formats.

o Classful IP Addressing

 Classful logic simply means that the main class A, B, and C are
considered.

 Each class A, B, or C address has two parts; a network part and a

host part (when not subnetted) and three parts; network, subnet and
host (when subnetted).
o Classless IP Addressing

 Classless IP addressing, simply put, means that class A, B,

and C rules are ignored.

 Each address is viewed as a two-part address, formally

called the prefix and the host parts of the address.

 172.31.13.0/24 means a prefix of 172.31.13.0 and a prefix

length of 24 bits.
Classful IP Addressing
 Private IP addresses

A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
 Out of the total valid addresses in each class, two dedicated IP address is reserved for Network
address and Broadcast address. So, the total number of available IP addresses is 2 n-2
 Subnet Mask
A subnet mask is a 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP packets to
distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID portion
of the IP address.
Example
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
 CIDR
 CIDR, which stands for Classless Inter-Domain Routing, is an IP
addressing scheme that improves the allocation of IP addresses.
 It replaces the old system based on classes A, B, and C.
 This scheme also helped in extending the life of IPv4 as well as slowing
the growth of routing tables.
 CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking
(VLSM). This allows it to define prefixes of arbitrary
lengths making it much more efficient than the old
system. CIDR IP addresses are composed of two sets of
numbers. The network address is written as a prefix e.g.,
“192.168.1.0” .The second part is the suffix which
indicates how many bits are in the entire address e.g.,
“/25”.
 CIDR uses both subnetting and supernetting.

Subnetting – efficient usage of IP addresses

Supernetting – allows more efficient routing

Subnetting
 Subnetting (VLSM Subnet Allocation)
Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a
single Class A, B, or C network. If you do not subnet, you are only able to
use one network from your Class A, B, or C network, which is unrealistic.
Q: How would you assign 1.0.0.0/24 to these 4 routers by subnetting?

I want to I want to
connect 120 connect 62
PCs PCs

I want to I want to
connect 25 connect 5
PCs PCs
Steps:

 The subnet mask is /24, which means we have 3 network

parts and 1 host part. 1 host part means 256 possible
combinations.

 Divide 256 into two parts. One ranging IP addresses from

1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.127 and other from 1.0.0.128 to 1.0.0.255.
Now, the subnet mask will change from /24 to /25.
 There are 120 computers connected with router A. The
second part can accommodate 128 PCs so assign 1.0.0.128 to
1.0.0.255 to router A.

 Now, divide first 128 IP addresses further into two parts. One
ranging from 1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.63 and other from 1.0.0.64 to
1.0.0.127. Now the subnet mask will change from /25 to /26.

 There are 62 computers connected with router B. The second

part can accommodate 64 PCs so assign 1.0.0.64 to 1.0.0.127
to router B.
 Now, divide first 64 IP addresses further into two
parts. One ranging from 1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.31 and other
from 1.0.0.32 to 1.0.0.63. Now the subnet mask will
change from /26 to /27.

 There are 25 computers connected with router C. The

second part can accommodate 32 PCs so assign
1.0.0.32 to 1.0.0.63 to router C.
 Now, divide first 32 IP addresses further into two parts.
One ranging from 1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.15 and other from
1.0.0.16 to 1.0.0.31. Now the subnet mask will change
from /27 to /28.

 There are 5 computers connected with router D. The

second part can accommodate 16 PCs so assign
1.0.0.16 to 1.0.0.31 to router D.
 256
(1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.255)

128 128
(1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.127) (1.0.0.128 to 1.0.0.255)

64 64
(1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.63) (1.0.0.64 to 1.0.0.127) Assigned to Router A

32 32
(1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.31) (1.0.0.32 to 1.0.0.63) Assigned to Router B

16 16
(1.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.15) (1.0.0.16 to 1.0.0.31) Assigned to Router C

Assigned to Router D
 Subnet Number, Broadcast Number and Valid Range of IP
Addresses

o Address: 172.31.103.41
o Mask: 255.255.252.0 or /22

 What is the subnet number?

 What is the broadcast address?
 What is the valid range of IP addresses?
 The subnet mask has a value of 252 in third octet which means the
first 6 bits of this octet are part of Network and last 2 bits are part
of Host.

 Now, calculate 103 in terms of binary. The answer is 01100111.

 As the first 6 bits are part of Network and their value sums to 100
so, Subnet Number (Network ID) is 172.31.100.0/22

 The broadcast address (Broadcast ID) is when all the Hosts are
equal to 1. So, in this case it is 172.31.103.255/22

 All address between 172.31.100.0/22 and 172.31.103.255/22 are

called range.
 Determining all subnets of a Network

o Network: 172.31.0.0
o Mask: 255.255.224.0

 Determine all subnets of this network?

 The third octet has a value of 224. Upon converting it into binary, we get
11100000. It means first three bits of this octet belongs to Network part and last
5 bits to Host part.

 As it is class B address and three extra bits are included in the network part so,
all the combinations of these 3 bits of Network part are subnets of this network.

 The subnets are:

172.31.0.0 Zero Subnet
172.31.32.0 First Subnet
172.31.64.0
172.31.96.0
172.31.128.0
172.31.160.0
172.31.192.0
172.31.224.0 Broadcast Subnet
Supernetting
 Supernetting

 Supernetting is the opposite of Subnetting. In subnetting, a single big

network is divided into multiple smaller subnetworks. In Supernetting,
multiple networks are combined into a bigger network termed as a
Supernetwork or Supernet.
 Supernetting is used in route aggregation to reduce the size of routing
tables and routing table updates.
Example
Example: Supernet 200.20.0.0, 200.20.1.0, 200.20.2.0 and 200.20.3.0
Example: You can easily subnet and supernet using this
calculator http://www.subnet-calculator.com/cidr.php
Network Address Translator (NAT)
 NAT

 Network Address Translation makes use of three ranges of IP addresses

that have been declared as private. Networks use them internally as they
wish. The only rule is that no packets containing these addresses may
appear on the internet itself.
 NAT translates, or changes, IP addresses inside a packet as it passes
through a router.
Example

Private IP addresses

A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255