Design of Beams

• These
  are the members of moment resisting frame, generally horizontal with
flexure and shear action.
Assumptions made in design
• Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending
• Maximum strain in concrete at outermost compression fibre is taken as
0.0035 in bending
• Tensile strength of concrete is ignored
• The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure
shall not be less than

• Stress strain curved is assumed to be parabolic from strain value of zero to

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•  From strain diagram,

• Compressive Force C = Area of stress block

• Location of resultant from top

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•  Equilibrium of forces gives

Considering Es = 2 X 105 N/mm2

Grade of Steel fy Xu,max/d

250 0.53

415 0.48

500 0.46

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• Lever
  Arm from stress diagram

• Moment of resistance
• Limiting value of M.O.R for balanced section,

Where,
Put value of for different grades of steel,
Grade of Steel fy Mu,lim

250 0.148fckbd2

415 0.138fckbd2

500 0.133fckbd2
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  • Limiting moment of resistance factor N/mm2

Fck Fy (N/mm2)

N/mm2
  250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
35 5.19 4.82 4.67 4.51
40 5.93 5.51 5.34 5.16
45 6.67 6.20 6.01 5.81
50 7.41 6.89 6.68 6.45
55 8.16 7.58 7.34 7.1
60 8.89 8.27 8.01 7.75

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•  For under-reinforced section

Substitue

Equation for %steel (Pt) can be obtained from above equation

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 PROBLEMS
•1.   A rectangular beam 230mm wide and 520mm effective depth is reinforced with 4 no.
16mm diameter bars. Find out the depth of neutral axis and specify the type of beam. The
materials are M20 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415. Also find out
the depth of neutral axis if the reinforcement is increased to 4 no. 20mm diameter bars.
Sol. Case 1: Ast = 4 * 201 = 804 mm2
Find the depth of neutral axis:
Total compression C =
= 0.36 * 20 * 230 *
= 1656
Total Tension T =
= 0.87 * 415 * 804
= 290284 N

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•  Equating, 1656 = 290284
= 175.3 mm
Limiting value of neutral axis:
= 0.48 d
= 0.48 * 520
= 250mm
Xu < Xu, max
Hence, Section is under reinforced
Xu = 175.3 mm
Case 2: Ast = 4 * 314 = 1256 mm2
Total compression C = 0.36 * 20 * 230 = 1656
Total tension T = 0.87 * 415 * 1256 = 453479 N
Equating 1656 = 453479
Xu = 273.8 mm
Xu > Xu,max
Hence, Section is Over-reinforced
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•2.  A singly reinforced rectangular beam of width 230mm and 460mm effective depth is reinforced with
3 no. 20mm diameter bars. Find out the factored moment of resistance of the section. The materials
are M20 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415. Also find out the factored
moment of resistance if it is reinforced with 4 no. 20mm diameter bars.
Sol. Case 1: Ast = 3 * 314 = 942 mm2
Total compression C =
= 0.36 * 20 * 230 *
= 1656
Total tension T =
= 0.87 * 415 * 942
= 340109 N
Equating, 1656 = 340109
= 205.4 mm
Xu, max = 0.48 d = 0.48 * 460 = 220.8 mm
Xu < Xu, max
Section is under reinforced
Xu = 205.4 mm 10
•Moment
  of Resistance of under-reinforced section:

= 0.87 * 415 * 942 * (460 – 0.42*205.4)*10^(-6)

= 0.36*20*230*220.8*367.2*10 -6
= 134.2 kN.m
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•3.  Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for an applied factored
moment of 120 kNm. Assume the width of the section as 230mm.
The materials are M20 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of
grade Fe 415.
Sol. Mu = 120 kNm Fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 20 N/mm2
b = 230mm

= 0.36 * 0.48 ( 1 – (0.42*0.48))*20

= 0.96

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•Balanced,
  d=
=
= 434.8 mm
Increase this depth by 5% and add 40mm effective cover
D = 1.05*434.8 + 40 = 496.5 mm
Nearest multiple of 25mm = 500 mm
Let D = 500 mm
Assume one layer of 20 mm diameter bars.
d = 500 – 30 (cover) - 10(upto centroid of reinforcement)
= 460 mm
Qprovided = 120*106/(230*4602)
= 2.47
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• 
= 0.826
Ast,req = Pt*b*d/100
= 0.826*230*460/100 = 874 mm2
Ast, lim = 0.96*230*460/100 = 1016 mm2
Provide 3-20 # = 942 mm2
Thus Ast,req < Ast, provided < Ast,lim
Finally we have b * D = 230 * 500
Ast = 3-20# = 942 mm2

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Text Books/ References
1. Pillai S U, and Menon D, Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd edition, Tata
Mc Graw Hill Publication Ltd, New Delhi. 2009.
2. Sinha S N, Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publishing Co., Ltd, New Delhi, 2006.
3. Shah H J, Reinforced Concrete, Vol-I 6th Edition, Charotar Publishing
House, Anand, 2007.
4. Gambhir M L, Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi, 2006
5. Subramanian N, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Oxford
University Press, New Delhi, 2013.

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