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Measurement Class 8

The document discusses the concept of measurement and provides details about different types of measurements including length, mass, time, and weight. It defines measurement as a process of comparing an unknown quantity to a standard known quantity. Various units of measurement are discussed along with the instruments used to measure different physical quantities. The SI system of units is introduced as the international standard for measurements.

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2K views24 pages

Measurement Class 8

The document discusses the concept of measurement and provides details about different types of measurements including length, mass, time, and weight. It defines measurement as a process of comparing an unknown quantity to a standard known quantity. Various units of measurement are discussed along with the instruments used to measure different physical quantities. The SI system of units is introduced as the international standard for measurements.

Uploaded by

mad_sudrocks
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurement

Class - Eight
• Have you ever been to market ?
• Most probably your answer would be – YES
• What was the purpose?
• May be for buying vegetable, for buying milk or may be for
buying cloth.
• How did you communicate the quantity of material you required?
• You must have told the number of kilogram for the vegetable, no
of litre for the milk and no of metre for the length of cloth
required.
• What Was that?
• Measurement
Introduction
• Measurement is the process of comparison of unknown quantity
with the help of known or standard quantity.
• It is required to convey our demand to the Shopkeeper.
• Importance of measurement-
 Needed in selling and purchasing of goods.
 For cooking our food, we need to know the quantity.
 Needed in carrying out Scientific experiment and research work.
 Required for the global understanding of the quantity of
substance for smooth communication from one country to other.
 Needed to measure the amount of medicine for treatment of
disease.
• Measurement is a process of detecting an unknown
physical quantity by using standard quantity. For
example: Take a book and use ruler (scale) to find its
length. Suppose the length was 20 cm. You underwent
through a process called Measurement where:
• The unknown physical quantity was the length of book.
• The ruler was the standard quantity.
• 20 was the magnitude.
• cm was the unit of the book-length.
Physical quantity
• We encounter a large no of physical quantity in our day
to day life. The quantity like height, time, are, velocity,
force can be measured and are called physical
quantities.
• Some events or emotion like love, fear, anger occurs in
everyday life but can’t be measured or quantified in
number and are called non physical quantity.
• Physical quantities are of two types-
 Fundamental quantities
 Derived quantities
Physical Quantities
Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities

Fundamental quantities are those quantities which independent of one another


and the can be measured independently.
Example-Length , Mass, Time

The Quantities which can be obtained from fundamental quantities are called
derived quantities.
Example- Velocity, Work, force
unit
• Scientists make observations and ask basic questions.
For example, how big is an object? How much mass
does it have? How far did it travel? To answer these
questions, they make measurements with various
instruments (e.g., meter stick, balance, stopwatch,
etc.).
• The measurements of physical quantities are
expressed in terms of units, which are standardized
values. For example, the length of a race, which is a
physical quantity, can be expressed in meters.
Without standardized units, it would be extremely
difficult for scientists to express and compare
measured values in a meaningful way.
• Units provide specific meaning to the magnitude of a
substance. Units of measurement provide standard to identify
measurement of a physical quantify. For example: If you say
that, the volume of your notebook is 25, it provides no exact
meaning because it could be 25 mm3 or 25 cm3 or 25 dm3 and
many more. But if you use units cm3, it provides accurate
meaning that the volume of the notebook is 25 cm3.
• Unit is a standard quantity in terms of which other physical
quantities can be measured of the same type.
Divisions of units

• Fundamental Units (Basic Units)


• Fundamental units are those units that can express themselves
without the assistance of any other units. For example:
Kilogram (kg) is a fundamental unit because it is independently
expressed and cannot be broken down to multiple units.
• Derived Units
• Derived units are those units which cannot be expressed in the
absence of fundamental units. For example: Newton (N) is a
derived unit because it cannot be expressed in the absence of
fundamental unit (meter) and can be broken down to multiple
units (Newton equals to kg*m /s2).
System Of Unit
• The French or CGS unit system
• In CGS unit system, length is measured in centimeter, mass is
measured in gram and time is measured in second.
• The British orFPS unit system
• In FPS system, length is measured in foot, mass is measured in
pound and time is measured in second.
• Metric or MKS unit
• In MKS system, length is measured in meter, mass is measured
in kilogram and time is measured in second.
• SI unit
• Different units are used in different countries for the
measurement of physical quantities. In US, pound
metrics is used commonly for indicating mass but in
India, kilogram is used. To remove this differences, SI
(International System of units) system was
standardized in 1960 in 11th General conference.
• In 1971, the 14th general conference picked seven
quantities as fundamental quantities.
Quantity Name Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous intensity Candela cd
Measurement of length
• Distance between any two points or place is
called length. It includes breadth, height, depth,
thickness, diameter, radius, circumference,
perimeter and distance.
• Unit of Length- metre (m)
• The meter is defined to be the distance light
travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second in a vacuum.
Instrument used for measuring length
Measurement of mass
• The amount of matter contained in a body is known as its
mass.
• The mass of a body remains constant and does not changes
from place to place. The mass of the body can not be zero.
• Unit of mass- Kilogram (Kg)
• It is defined to be the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder,
housed at the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures near Paris. Exact replicas of the standard
kilogram cylinder are kept in numerous locations
throughout the world.
Instrument used for measuring mass
Measurement of Weight
• Do you know? Why does fruit falls towards Earth
from tree and not towards sky?
• Why does ball comes backward when thrown in
the air?
• Because all the body falls towards Earth due to
force called gravity.
• The attractive force between Earth and object is
called Gravity. The acceleration produced in a
falling body is called acceleration due to gravity.
• The weight of the body is the force with which it is attracted
towards the centre of Earth. It is represented by symbol ‘w’.
• When ‘m’ is the mass of the body & ‘g’ is the acceleration due
to gravity at a place. W = mg
• Weight of a body varies from place to place.
• Acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the
square of radius from centre of Earth.
• Therefore weight would be different on poles (g=9.83 m/s2 )
and on Equator (g =9.78 m/s2 ).
• Similarly weight would be different on different celestial body
of universe due to difference in the radius size of the body.
Unit of Weight
• We know SI unit of force is Newton (N). As the
weight of an object is the force with which it is
attracted towards the Earth. The SI unit is
newton (N).
Instrument used to measure weight of a
body
• The weight of the body is measured by spring
balance or weighing machine.
Measurement of time
• Time is an important physical quantity in our day
to day life.
• In ancient time people kept the record for
sunrise and sunset, movement pattern of moon
for recording the time.
• Time is defined as gap between two events.
• It is important aspect of our everyday life, to
know timing of school, exam, travel and tickets
for bus, flight etc.
Unit of time
• SI unit of time is Second (S). In 1967, the second
was redefined as the time required for
9,192,631,770 Cesium atom vibrations.
• Large interval of time are measured in days,
months, years, decade, century and so on.
• A day is time taken by Earth to rotate on its own
axis. 1 day = 86400 seconds.
• A month is time taken by moon to complete one
revolution around Earth.
Instrument used for measuring time

• In ancient times
Modern clock

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