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    And Embryo Sac: 2.2.2 The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule)

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    Chandan
    The document summarizes key aspects of pistils, ovules, and embryo sac development in flowering plants. It describes that the pistil contains the stigma, style, and ovary, within which ovules containing megaspores develop. Megasporogenesis produces four megaspores from a megaspore mother cell, with one functional megaspore developing into the female gametophyte or embryo sac through mitotic nuclear divisions. The mature embryo sac is seven-celled and eight-nucleate, containing three antipodal cells at one end, a single egg cell surrounded by two synergid cells at the other end, and a large central cell containing two polar nuclei in the center.

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    And Embryo Sac: 2.2.2 The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule)

    Uploaded by

    Chandan
    2K views12 pages
    The document summarizes key aspects of pistils, ovules, and embryo sac development in flowering plants. It describes that the pistil contains the stigma, style, and ovary, within which ovules containing megaspores develop. Megasporogenesis produces four megaspores from a megaspore mother cell, with one functional megaspore developing into the female gametophyte or embryo sac through mitotic nuclear divisions. The mature embryo sac is seven-celled and eight-nucleate, containing three antipodal cells at one end, a single egg cell surrounded by two synergid cells at the other end, and a large central cell containing two polar nuclei in the center.

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    The document summarizes key aspects of pistils, ovules, and embryo sac development in flowering plants. It describes that the pistil contains the stigma, style, and ovary, within which ovules containing megaspores develop. Megasporogenesis produces four megaspores from a megaspore mother cell, with one functional megaspore developing into the female gametophyte or embryo sac through mitotic nuclear divisions. The mature embryo sac is seven-celled and eight-nucleate, containing three antipodal cells at one end, a single egg cell surrounded by two synergid cells at the other end, and a large central cell containing two polar nuclei in the center.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2K views12 pages

    And Embryo Sac: 2.2.2 The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule)

    Uploaded by

    Chandan
    The document summarizes key aspects of pistils, ovules, and embryo sac development in flowering plants. It describes that the pistil contains the stigma, style, and ovary, within which ovules containing megaspores develop. Megasporogenesis produces four megaspores from a megaspore mother cell, with one functional megaspore developing into the female gametophyte or embryo sac through mitotic nuclear divisions. The mature embryo sac is seven-celled and eight-nucleate, containing three antipodal cells at one end, a single egg cell surrounded by two synergid cells at the other end, and a large central cell containing two polar nuclei in the center.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    2.2.

    2 The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule)


    and Embryo sac
    • The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower.
    • The gynoecium may consist of a single pistil (monocarpellary) or may have
    more than one pistil (multicarpellary).

    • When there are more than one the pistils may be fused together (syncarpous) eg:
    Papaver or may be free (apocarpous) eg:Michelia

    • Each pistil has three parts the stigma, style and ovary.
    • The stigma serves as a landing platform for pollen grains.
    • The style is the elongated slender part beneath the stigma.
    • The basal bulged part of the pistil is the ovary. Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity
    (locule). The placenta is located inside the ovarian cavity.
    • Various types of placentation (Marginal, axile, parietal,free central &
    basal) are present in ovules

    • Attached to the placenta are the ovules/ megasporangia

    • The number of ovules in an ovary may be one (wheat,


    paddy, mango) to many (papaya, water melon, orchids
    STRUCTURE OF OVULE/MEGASPORANGIA
    Structure of Megasporangium (ovule)
    • The ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called
    funicle.
    • The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called hilum. Thus,
    • hilum represents the junction between ovule and funicle.
    • Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called integuments.
    • Integuments encircle the nucellus except at the tip where a small opening called the
    micropyle is organised.
    • Opposite the micropylar end, is the chalaza, representing the basal part of the ovule.
    • Enclosed within the integuments is a mass of cells called the nucellus.
    • Cells of the nucellus have abundant reserve food materials.
    • Located in the nucellus is the embryo sac or female gametophyte.
    • An ovule generally has a single embryo sac formed from a megaspore.
    MEGASPOROGENESIS

    • The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother


    cell is called megasporogenesis.
    • Ovules generally differentiate a single megaspore mother cell (MMC)
    in the micropylar end of the nucellus.
    • It is a large cell containing dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus.
    The MMC undergoes meiotic division to form four megaspores.
    MEGASPOROGENESIS
    STRUCTURE OF FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE
    MEGAGAMETOGENESIS

    • In a majority of flowering plants, one of the megaspores is functional


    while the other three degenerate.

    • Only the functional megaspore develops into the female gametophyte


    (embryo sac). This method of embryo sac formation from a single
    megaspore to form is termed monosporic development.

    • The nucleus of functional megaspore divides mitotically to form two


    nuclei which move to the opposite poles, forming the 2-nucleate embryo
    sac. Two more sequential mitotic nuclear divisions result in the formation
    of the 4-nucleate and later the 8-nucleate stages of the embryo sac.
    STRUCTURE OF FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE contd…….

    • It is of interest to note that these mitotic divisions are strictly free nuclear,
    that is, nuclear divisions are not followed immediately by cell wall
    formation.
    • After the 8-nucleate stage cell walls are laid down leading to the
    organisation of the typical female gametophyte or embryo sac.
    • Six of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls and organised into cells;
    the remaining two nuclei, called polar nuclei are situated below the egg
    apparatus in the large central cell.
    • There is a characteristic distribution of the cells within the embryo sac
    STRUCTURE OF FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE contd….

    • . Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitute
    the egg apparatus.
    • The egg apparatus, in turn, consists of two synergids and one egg cell.
    • The synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip
    called filiform apparatus, which play an important role in guiding the
    pollen tubes into the synergid.
    • Three cells are at the chalazal end and are called the antipodals.
    • The large central cell, has two polar nuclei.
    • Thus, a typical angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity, though 8-nucleate
    is 7-celled

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