1a Tissues

Tissues
Tissues
 Definition: a group of closely associated
cells that perform related functions and are
similar in structure
 Between cells: nonliving extracellular
material
 Four basic types of tissue…function
 Epithelium…covering
 Connective tissue…support
 Muscle tissue…movement
 Nervous tissue…control
Epithelia (plural)
 Epithelium: sheet of cells that covers a body
surface or lines a body cavity; also form most of
the body’s glands
 Roles: as interfaces and as boundaries
 Functions:
Protection Absorption
Sensory reception Ion transport
Secretion Filtration
Formation of slippery surfaces for movement
Special characteristics of epithelia
 Cellularity
 Specialized contacts
 Polarity
 Freeupper (apical) surface
 Lower (basal) surface contributing basal lamina to
basement membrane
 Support by connective tissue
 Avascular but innervated
 Without vessels
 With nerve endings
 Regeneration
Classification of epithelia
 According to thickness
 “simple” - one cell layer
 “stratified” – more than one layer of cells
(which are named according to the shape of
the cells in the apical layer)
 According to shape
 “squamous” – wider than tall
 “cuboidal” – as tall as wide
 “columnar” - taller than wide
to protect
where diffusion is important
where tissues are involved

in secretion and absorption:
larger cells because of the
machinery of production,
packaging, and energy
requirements
“ciliated” literally =
eyelashes
(see next page)
Stratified: regenerate from below
Rare…
Rare…
Endothelium
A simple squamous
epithelium that lines
the interior of the
circulatory vessels
and heart
Mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the
peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities and
covers the viscera
Glands
 Epithelial cells form them
 Production & secretion of needed
substances
 Are aqueous (water-based) products
 The protein product is made in rough ER,
packed into secretory granules by Golgi
apparatus, released from the cell by
exocytosis
Classification of glands
 By where they release their product

 Exocrine: external secretion onto body
surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
 Endocrine: secrete messenger molecules
(hormones) which are carried by blood to
target organs; “ductless” glands
 By whether they are unicellular or
multicellular
Exocrine glands
unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular: goblet cell

scattered within epithelial
lining of intestines and
respiratory tubes
Product: mucin
mucus is mucin & water
Multicellular exocrine glands
Epithelium-walled
duct and a
secretory unit
Examples of exocrine gland products
 Many types of mucus secreting glands

 Sweat glands of skin
 Oil glands of skin
 Salivary glands of mouth
 Liver (bile)
 Pancreas (digestive enzymes)
 Mammary glands (milk)
Endocrine glands
 Ductless glands
 Release hormones into extracellular space

 Hormones are messenger molecules
 Hormones enter blood and travel to

specific target organs
Epithelial surface features
 Lateral surface
 Adhesion proteins
 Tongue and groove wavy contours
 Cell junctions: see next slide
 Basal surface
 Basal lamina: noncellular sheet of protein
together with reticular fibers form basement
membrane
 Apical surface
Cell Junctions
 Tight junctions
 So close that are
sometimes impermeable
 Adherens junctions
 Transmembrane linker
proteins
 Desmosomes
 Anchoring junctions
 Filaments anchor to the
opposite side
 Gap junctions
 Allow small molecules to
move between cells
Apical surface features
 Microvilli – maximize surface area
 Fingerlike extensions of the plasma
membrane of apical epithelial cells
 On moist and mucus secreting epithelium
 Longest on epithelia that absorb nutrients
(small intestine) or transport ions (kidneys)
(continued)
 Cilia
 Whiplike motile
extentions of the
apical surface
membranes
 Flagellum
 Long isolated
cilium
 Only found as
sperm in human
 Four basic types of tissue
Epithelium
Connective tissue
 Connective tissue proper (examples: fat
tissue, fibrous tissue of ligaments)
 Cartilage
 Bone
 Blood
Muscletissue
Nervous tissue
Classes of Connective Tissue: note the cell
types and great variety of subclasses
Connective Tissue
 Originate from embryonic tissue called
mesenchyme
 Most diverse and abundant type of tissue
 Many subclasses (see previous slide)
 Function: to protect, support and bind together
other tissues
 Bones, ligaments, tendons
 Areolar cushions; adipose insulates and is food
source
 Blood cells replenished; body tissues repaired
 Cells separated from one another by large
amount of nonliving extracellular matrix
Extracellular Matrix explained
 Nonliving material between cells

 Produced by the cells and then extruded
 Responsible for the strength
 Two components
1. Ground substance
 Of fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
 Liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard
2. Fibers: collagen, elastic or reticular
Basic functions of connective tissue
reviewed
 Support and binding of other tissues

 Holding body fluids
 Defending the body against infection
 macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBCs
 Storing nutrients as fat
Classes of Connective Tissue
*
*
*
*
*
Membranes that combine epithelial
sheets plus underlying connective tissue
proper (see next slide)
 Cutaneous membranes
 Skin: epidermis and dermis
 Mucous membranes, or mucosa
 Lines every hollow internal organ that opens to the
outside of the body
 Serous membranes, or serosa
 Slippery membranes lining the pleural, pericardial and
peritoneal cavities
 The fluid formed on the surfaces is called a transudate
 Synovial membranes
 Line joints
(a) Cutaneous membrane
(b) Mucous membrane
(c) Serous membrane

Epithelium
Muscle tissue
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth
Nervous tissue
Epithelium
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
 Neurons
 Supporting cells
Tissue response to injury
 Immune: takes longer and is highly specific
 Inflammation
 Nonspecific, local, rapid
 Inflammatory chemicals
 Signs: heat, swelling, redness, pain
 Repair – two ways
 Regeneration
 Fibrosis and scarring
 Severe injuries
 Cardiac and nervous tissue
Tumors (neoplasms): abnormal growth
of cells
 Adenoma – neoplasm of glandular

epithelium, benign or malignant
 Carcinoma – cancer arising in an
epithelium (90% of all human cancers)
 Sarcoma – cancer arising in mesenchyme-
derived tissue (connective tissues and
muscle)
STEM CELLS….______
Inner cell mass becomes the baby
STEM CELLS

1a Tissues

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Tissues

where tissues are involved

 By where they release their product

Unicellular: goblet cell

 Many types of mucus secreting glands

 Release hormones into extracellular space

 Hormones enter blood and travel to

 Nonliving material between cells

 Support and binding of other tissues

(b) Mucous membrane

(c) Serous membrane

 Adenoma – neoplasm of glandular

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