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Statistics and Probability Chapter 1 2 3

The sampling error is the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter. * Population mean (μ) = 10 * Sample mean (x-bar) = 8 * Sampling error = Sample mean - Population mean = 8 - 10 = -2 Therefore, the sampling error based on this sample is -2.

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Ren Ponce
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339 views89 pages

Statistics and Probability Chapter 1 2 3

The sampling error is the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter. * Population mean (μ) = 10 * Sample mean (x-bar) = 8 * Sampling error = Sample mean - Population mean = 8 - 10 = -2 Therefore, the sampling error based on this sample is -2.

Uploaded by

Ren Ponce
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS

&
PROBABILITY
- Ms. Renalyne Ponce
WHAT IS STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY?

● Probability deals with predicting the livelihood


of future events.

● Statistics involves the analysis of the frequency


of past events.
VARIABLES
&
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Chapter 1
CONCEPT OF
RANDOM
VARIABLES
Lesson 1
DATA & VARIABLES

● Data can be descriptive or numerical.

● Variable is any characteristics, number, or


quantity that can be measured or counted.
RANDOM VARIABLE

● It is a function that assigns a unique real number


to each element in the sample space.

● SAMPLE SPACE is the set of all possible


outcomes in an experiment.
RANDOM VARIABLE EXAMPLE:

 
Enumerate the possible outcomes.
RANDOM VARIABLE EXAMPLE:
RANDOM VARIABLE EXAMPLE:

 
The sum of the spots when a pair of dice is
rolled.

           

           

           

           

           

           
RANDOM VARIABLE EXAMPLE:
RANDOM VARIABLE EXAMPLE:

 
DISCRETE VS.
CONTINUOUS
Lesson 2-3
DISCRETE VARIABLE

● It is a quantitative variable whose value can be


attained through counting.

● It consists of a finite number of elements or has


an unending sequence with as many as there are
counting numbers.
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

● If the experiment has only countable or


countably finite number of outcomes.

● No other outcome exists between two


consecutive outcomes.
PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION OF A
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
●  
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
EXAMPLE:

           

           

           

           

           

           
PMF of DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
EXAMPLE:

 
PMF of DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
EXAMPLE:

Find the probability of getting a sum of 3 to 9.


PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM OF A
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

● It shows the relative probabilities of the sample


points in the form of bar graph.
PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM OF DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLE EXAMPLE:

Show the probability histogram of each sample


points.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

● It is a quantitative variable that can assume an


infinitely many, uncountable number of real
number values.

● If the sample space of a random experiment


consists of uncountably infinite number of
outcomes.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

● If an outcome can take an uncountably infinite


number of possible outcomes within a specified
real number interval.

● It is always possible to have an outcome between


any two existing ones.
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
●  
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
●  
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

 
“Life is a school of
probability.”

–WALTER BAGEHOT
MEAN AND
VARIANCE OF A
DISCRETE
RANDOM
Lesson 4

VARIABLE
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLE
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
EXAMPLE:

1. In connection with the random variable X, the number


of correct umbrella-owner matches. The PMF of X in
tabular form is

Find mean, variance and standard deviation.


ACTIVITY:
Students were asked to estimate the length (in inches) of a
table. The errors in the estimated values were recorded and
tabulated as follows:

Compute for mean, variance, and standard deviation.


“People love you when
you’re average because it
makes them comfortable.”

– ANONYMOUS
FOR THE CASE OF DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLES,
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
Mr. Jacinto works as a part-time lecturer in two universities namely,
University X and Y. Next academic year, he will get a raise in his
hourly rate (in pesos) from University X and Y. The increase on hourly
rate in both universities depend on several factors, and thus can be
regarded as random variables. Suppose that X and Y are independent
random variables with probability mass functions, respectively,
THE
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
Chapter 2
INTRODUCTIO
N TO THE
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTIO
Lesson 1

N
HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE
NORMAL CURVE

Pierre-Simon, Karl Friedrich


Abraham de Moivre marquis de Laplace Gauss
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE

● The normal curve is shaped like the cross section


of a bell.
● The curve extends indefinitely in both side.
● The curve is asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
● The mean, median, and mode are equal.
● The curve is symmetric about the mean.
● The total area under the curve is equal to 1.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
●  
EXAMPLE: Compare the following normal
curves.
A B C
THE
STANDARD
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTIO
Lesson 2

N
THE STANDARD NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
●  
THE GRAPH OF STANDARD
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
PROBABILITIES INVOLVING THE
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
●  
CUMULATIVE LEFT-TAIL AREA OF A
VALUE z
●  
CUMULATIVE PROBABILITIES FOR
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
● The intersection of the row and column is the
cumulative left-tail area of z.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
AREAS
UNDER THE
NORMAL
Lesson 3

CURVE
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL
CURVE
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL
CURVE
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL
CURVE
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
ACTIVITY
“For whatever position you
hold, your prerogative in
dealing with people is
humility.”
– ANONYMOUS
SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
Chapter 3
RANDOM
SAMPLING
Lesson 1
RANDOM SAMPLING

● Population is the totality of items, things, or


people under considerations.
● Sample is a subset of population, either by
random or non-random sampling.
RANDOM SAMPLING vs. NON-
RANDOM SAMPLING
● Simple Random Sampling is a selection of a
subset of a population where each element has an
equal chance of being selected using the
appropriate sampling techniques.
● A nonrandom sampling is used when the
sample is not a proportion of the population and
when there is no system in selecting a sample.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
● Lottery sampling is a sampling technique where every
member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
● Systematic sample is a sampling techniques in which
members of the population are listed and samples are
selected in intervals called sample intervals.
● Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure
wherein the members of the population are grouped based
on their homogeneity.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
● Select a sample of 387 students from the
population which are grouped according to cities
they come from. The table below shows the
number of students per city.
City Population (n)
A 13,000
B 10,500
C 8,000
D 5,000
TYPES OF NONRANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
● Accidental sampling is only those whom the researchers
meet by chance are included in the sample when using this
technique.
● Quota sampling it includes a specified number of persons
of certain types to be taken as sample.
● Convenience sampling is the most convenience and
fastest sampling technique that make use technology
● Purpose sampling is used in very small sample sizes.
THE SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS OF
THE SAMPLE MEAN
Lesson 2
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

● Sampling Distribution is a probability distribution of a


statistics when all possible sample size are repeatedly
drawn from a population
● Sampling Error is the difference between the value of a
sample statistic and the corresponding population
parameter.
STATISTIC vs. PARAMETER

● Statistic is a number which describes a sample. It can be


directly computed and observed.
● Parameter is a descriptive measure of a population. The
value of a parameter can be approximated and is not
necessarily equal to the statistic sample.
EXAMPLE

● Suppose that we take a sample size n=2 , with


replacement from discrete uniform population
values 0, 1, 2, 3 .
EXAMPLE

1. Solve for the population mean.


2. Construct a table of all random samples.
3. Compute for the sample mean of each random
sample.
EXAMPLE

1. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample


means.
2. Compute for the mean and variance of the
sample mean.
EXAMPLE

1. Construct a probability mass function of a given


random variable X.
2. Compute for the mean and variance of a random
variable x.
EXAMPLE

1. Construct a probability mass function of a given


random variable X.
2. Compute for the mean and variance of a random
variable x.
EXAMPLE

1. Compare the mean of the sampling distribution


of the sample mean and population mean.
2. Compare the variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean and the
population variance.
“Measure what is
measurable, and
make measurable
what is not so.”
– GALIELO GALILEI
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
STANDARD ERROR
SAMPLING ERROR
EXAMPLE
●  

• A sample size of is drawn from a population having a mean


of and a standard deviation of . Suppose that the resulting
sample is .
• What is the sampling error based on this sample?
EXAMPLE

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