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Polar Forms of Conic Sections: Lesson 9-4

This document covers converting between polar and rectangular forms of conic sections: - It defines polar equations of conics and explains how to write the polar equation of a conic given its eccentricity and the equation of its directrix. - It provides examples of identifying conics from their polar equations, writing polar equations given information about the conic, and converting polar equations to rectangular form. - Key steps covered include factoring polar equations into standard form, determining the eccentricity, type of conic, and directrix equation, and substituting values into the standard rectangular forms of conics.

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Fran Lee
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476 views35 pages

Polar Forms of Conic Sections: Lesson 9-4

This document covers converting between polar and rectangular forms of conic sections: - It defines polar equations of conics and explains how to write the polar equation of a conic given its eccentricity and the equation of its directrix. - It provides examples of identifying conics from their polar equations, writing polar equations given information about the conic, and converting polar equations to rectangular form. - Key steps covered include factoring polar equations into standard form, determining the eccentricity, type of conic, and directrix equation, and substituting values into the standard rectangular forms of conics.

Uploaded by

Fran Lee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 9–4

Polar Forms of Conic


Sections
Five-Minute Check (over Chapter 9-3)
Then/Now
Concept Summary: Eccentricities of Conics
Key Concept: Polar Equations of Conics
Example 1: Identify Conics from Polar Equations
Example 2: Write Polar Equations of Conics
Example 3: Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form
Over Lesson 9-3

Find rectangular coordinates for the point


with the given polar coordinates.

A.

B.

C.

D. (0, 3)
Over Lesson 9-3

Find rectangular coordinates for the point B(10, 52°)


with the given polar coordinates.

A. (9.84, 10.99)

B. (10.62, 10.79)

C. (6.16, 7.88)

D. (–1.63, 9.87)
Over Lesson 9-3

Find two pairs of polar coordinates for C(–2, 5)


if 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

A. (4.58, 111.80), (4.58, 291.80)

B. (4.58, –0.38), (4.58, 5.90)

C. (5.39, –1.19), (5.39, 1.19)

D. (5.39, 1.95), (–5.39, 5.09)


Over Lesson 9-3

A. Identify the graph of x 2 + (y – 2)2 = 4. Then write


the equation in polar form.

A. circle with center at (0, 2) and radius of 2;


r = 4 sin 
B. circle with center at (0, –2) and radius 2;
r = –4 sin 
C. circle with center at (2, 0) and radius 2;
r = 4 cos 
D. circle with center at (0, 2) and radius 2;
r = 2 cos 
Over Lesson 9-3

B. Graph x 2 + (y – 2)2 = 4 in polar form.

A. C.

B. D.
Over Lesson 9-3

Which of the following is the rectangular form of


r = 4 csc θ ?

A. y = 4

B. x 2 + y 2 = 4

C. x = 4

D. y = 4x
You defined conic sections. (Lessons 7-1 through 7-3)

• Identify polar equations of conics.


• Write and graph the polar equation of a conic given
its eccentricity and the equation of its directrix.
Identify Conics from Polar Equations

A. Determine the eccentricity, type of conic, and


equation of the directrix for .

Write the equation in standard form,

Original equation
Identify Conics from Polar Equations

Factor the numerator


and denominator.

Divide the numerator


and denominator by 3.
Identify Conics from Polar Equations

In this form, you can see from the denominator that


e= . Therefore, the conic is an ellipse. For polar
equations of this form, the equation of the directrix is
x = d. From the numerator, we know that ed = , so
d= or 5. Therefore, the equation of the
directrix is x = 5.

Answer: ellipse; x = 5
Identify Conics from Polar Equations

Check Sketch the graph of and its

directrix x = 5 using either the techniques shown in


Lesson 9-2 or a graphing calculator. The graph is an
ellipse with its directrix to the right of the pole.
Identify Conics from Polar Equations

B. Determine the eccentricity, type of conic, and


equation of the directrix for .

Write the equation in standard form.

Original equation

Factor the numerator


and denominator.
Identify Conics from Polar Equations

Divide the numerator


and denominator by –3.

The equation is of the form , so e = 2.


Therefore, the conic is a hyperbola. For polar
equations of this form, the equation of the directrix is
y = –d. Because ed = 5, d = 5 ÷ 2 or 2.5. Therefore,
the equation of the directrix is y = –2.5.
Answer: e = 2; hyperbola; y = –2.5
Identify Conics from Polar Equations

CHECK Sketch the graph of and its


directrix y = –2.5. The graph is a hyperbola with one
focus at the origin, above the directrix. 
Determine the eccentricity, type of conic, and
equation of the directrix for

A. e = 0.5; ellipse; y = 12

B. e = 1; parabola; x = 6

C. e = 2; hyperbola; x = –6

D. e = 0.5; ellipse; y = 6
Write Polar Equations of Conics

A. Write and graph a polar equation and directrix


for the conic with e = 2 and directrix y = 3.

Because e = 2, the conic is a hyperbola. The directrix,


y = 3, is above the pole, so the equation is of the form
Use the values for e and d to write the
equation.

Polar form of conic with


directrix y = d

e = 2 and d = 3
Write Polar Equations of Conics

Sketch the graph of this polar equation and its


directrix. The graph is a hyperbola with its directrix
above the pole.

Answer: hyperbola;
Write Polar Equations of Conics

B. Write and graph a polar equation and directrix for


the conic with e = 0 and vertices at (–2, 0) and (4, 0).

Because e = , the conic is an ellipse. The center of


the ellipse is at (1, 0), the midpoint of the segment
between the given vertices. This point is to the right of
the pole. Therefore, the directrix will be to the left of
the pole at x = –d. The polar equation of a conic with
this directrix is
Write Polar Equations of Conics

Use the value of e and the polar form of a point on the


conic to find the value of d. The vertex point (4, 0) has
polar coordinates or (4, 0).

Polar form of conic with directrix x = –d

e= , r = 4, and  = 0
Write Polar Equations of Conics

cos 0 = 1

Simplify.

Therefore, the equation for the ellipse is

Because d = 8, the equation of

the directrix is x = –8. The graph is an ellipse with

vertices at (–2, 0) and (4, 0).


Write Polar Equations of Conics

Answer: ellipse;
Write a polar equation for the conic with e = 0.2
and vertices at (–4, 0) and (6, 0).

A.

B.

C.

D.
Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form

A. Write in rectangular form.

Step 1 Analyze the polar equation. For this


equation, e = 1 and d = 6. The eccentricity and form of
the equation determine that this is a parabola that
opens vertically with focus at the pole and a directrix
y = –6. The general equation of such a parabola in
rectangular form is (x – h)2 = 4p(y – k).
Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form
Step 2 Determine values for h, k, and p. The vertex
lies between the focus F and directrix of the parabola,
occurring when as shown in the figure.
Evaluating the function at this value, we find that the
vertex lies at polar coordinates which
correspond to rectangular coordinates (0, –3). So,
(h, k) = (0, –3). The distance p from the vertex at (0, –3)
to the focus at (0, 0) is 3.
Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form

Step 3 Substitute the values for h, k, and p into the


standard form of an equation for a parabola.
(x – h)2 = 4p(y – k) Standard form of a parabola
(x – 0)2 = 4(3)[y – (–3)] h = 0, k = –3, and p = 3
x 2 = 12y + 36 Simplify.
Answer: x 2 = 12y + 36
Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form

B. Write in rectangular form.

Step 1 Analyze the polar equation. For this


equation, e = 0.8 and d = 2.25. The eccentricity and
form of the equation determine that this is an ellipse
with directrix x = –2.25. Therefore, the major axis of
the ellipse lies along the polar or x-axis. The general
equation of such an ellipse in rectangular form is
Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form
Step 2 Determine values for h, k, a, and b.
The vertices are the endpoints of the major axis and
occur when  = 0 and π as shown in the figure.
Evaluating the function at these values, we find that the
vertices have polar coordinates (9, 0) and (1, π), which
correspond to rectangular coordinates (9, 0) and (–1, 0).
The ellipse's center is the midpoint of the segment
between the vertices, so (h, k) = (4, 0).
Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form
The distance a between the center and each vertex is 5.
The distance c from the center to the focus at (0, 0) is 4.
By the Pythagorean relation

Step 3 Substitute the values for h, k, a, and b into


the standard form of an equation for an ellipse.

Standard form of an ellipse

h = 4, k = 0, a = 5, and b = 3
Write the Polar Form of Conics in Rectangular
Form

Simplify.

Answer:
Write the polar equation in rectangular
form.

A.

B.

C.

D.
LESSON 9–4
Polar Forms of Conic
Sections

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