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Optical Fiber Communications: Lecture 1: Introduction

This document provides an introduction to optical fiber communications. It outlines the basic components of a fiber optic communication system including transmitters, optical fiber as the transmission medium, and receivers. It also discusses the growth of information carrying capacity needs driving digital technologies and fiber optics. A brief history is given of important developments in fiber optics from early experiments to current dense wavelength division multiplexing networks.

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295 views23 pages

Optical Fiber Communications: Lecture 1: Introduction

This document provides an introduction to optical fiber communications. It outlines the basic components of a fiber optic communication system including transmitters, optical fiber as the transmission medium, and receivers. It also discusses the growth of information carrying capacity needs driving digital technologies and fiber optics. A brief history is given of important developments in fiber optics from early experiments to current dense wavelength division multiplexing networks.

Uploaded by

jeddo2005
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OPTICAL FIBER

COMMUNICATIONS
Lecture 1: Introduction
Contents
 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Lecture 2: Physics of Light
 Lecture 3: Optical Fibers
 Lecture 4: Single Mode Fibers
 Lecture 5: Fabrication, Cabling and
Installation
 Lecture 6: Fiber Cable Connectorization
and Testing
 Lecture 7: Optical Sources_Part 1
 Lecture 8: Optical Sources_Part 2
 Lecture 9: Optical Transmitters
 Lecture 10: Photodiodes
 Lecture 11: Optical Receivers
Text Books
 Main Text Book:
 Fiber-Optics Communication Technology, Djafar K.
Mynabaev and Lowell L. Scheiner
 Optical Fiber Communications, Principles and Practice,
Third Edition, John M. Senior
 Fiber Optic Communications, Joseph C. Palais

 Optical Fiber Communications, Fourth Edition, Gred


Keiser, 2011.
 Understanding Optical Fiber Communications, Fifth
Edition, Jeff Hecht.
Telecommunication
 Telecommunications is the exchange of information over
a certain distance using some type of equipment.
 There 3 types of information Voice, Video and Data.
 The simplest form of telecommunication is the point to
point.

Transmitter Receiver

 Telecommunication is mainly in the form of Networks.


Telecommunication – contd.
Information Carrying Capacity
 The main requirement of modern
telecommunication systems is the Capacity.
 Information Carrying Capacity is the ability of a
communication link to transmit a certain amount
of information per unit of time.
 The demand placed on telecommunication
systems is for more information carrying capacity,
because of the volume of information produced
increases rapidly.
 Digital technology for high reliability and quality
is used.
Traffic Growth and Composition
Why Digital?
 There are two basic forms of signals:
 Analog
 Digital
 The analog signals carries information by means of the values
of its amplitude, frequency, or phase.
 Noise and other distortions change these values, resulting very
often in incorrect understanding of the delivered information.
 Digital signals carries information by bits, which can be either
logic 1 or 0.
 These logic meaning are represented as electrical pulses.
 Any distortion results in signal amplitude change but doesn’t
change the logical meaning of the signal.
Why Digital? – contd.
 Digital technology is much more reliable than analog
technology, most modern systems are digital.
 There is a price to pay for digital signals, digital
transmission require more channel capacity than analog
transmission.
 To convert a analog signal to digital signal samples are
taken.
 Every sample of the analog signal requires several bits.
 The better the transmission quality required, the greater
the number of bits.
Analog to Digital
The need for Optical fiber
Communications Systems
 The major characteristic of a telecommuincation system is
its information carrying capacilty.
 There is alimit on the capacity of a link, which is given by
the Shannon-Hartley Theorem:
C  BW  log 2 (1  SNR )
 C is the capacity(bits/sec), BW is the bandwidth(hertz),
and SNR is the signal-to-noise power ratio.
 The equation above shows the information carrying
capacity is limited by the channel bandwidth.
 The channel bandwidth is limited by the frequency of the
signal carrier.
The need for Optical fiber
Communications Systems – contd.
 The higher the carrier frequency, the greater the channel
bandwidth and higher the information carrying capacity
of the system.
 Copper wire can carry a signal up to 1 MHz, a coaxial cable can
propagate up to 100 MHz.
 Radio frequencies are in the range of 500 KHz to 100 MHz.
 Microwave, including satellite channels, operate up to 100
GHz.
 Fiber-optic communications systems use light as the signal
carrier, light frequencies are between 100-1000 THz.
 Therefore, one can expect more capacity for optical systems.
Fiber-Optic Communication
System: The Basic Blocks
 Fiber Optics Communication system consist of three major
elements:
 Transmitter
 Optical Fiber
 Receiver
 Transmitter: the heart of the transmitter is a light source.
The major function of a light source is to convert an
information signal its electrical form into light.
 The light source can be either Light Emitting Diode (LED)
or Laser Diode (LD).
 Transmitters include power-supply connections and
modulation circuitry. All components are packed together.
Fiber-Optic Communication
System: The Basic Blocks – contd.
 Optical Fiber: the transmission media in a fiber optic system is
an optical fiber.
 The optical fiber is a transparent flexible filament that guides
light from a transmitter to a receiver.
 Optical fibers are generally fabricated from silica or plastic, and
cover by coating(bare fiber) and bundled together with other
optical fibers to form an optical fiber cable.
 Receiver: the key component of an optical receiver is a
photodetector. The major function of a photodetector is to
convert an optical information signal back into electrical signal
(photocurrent).
 Receivers include power-supply connections and signal
amplification circuitry. All components are packed together.
Basic Elements

TRANSMITTER FIBRE RECEIVER

+ –
+ –
Historical Developments
 800 BC Use of fire signal by the Greeks
 400 BC Fire relay technique to increase transmission
distance
 1880 Invention of the photophone by Alexander
Graham Bell
Historical Developments – contd.
 Scientist began to increase the frequency of signal beyond UHF
for higher data rates.
 The signal attenuated very quickly
 Waveguides where invented for light carriers similar for
microwave
 1955 The birth of clad optical fibre, Kapany et al (USA)
 1962 The semiconductor laser, by Natan, Holynal et al (USA)
 1966 A paper by Kao and Hockham (UL) was a break through
 Loss < 20 dB/km
 Glass fibre rather than crystal (because of high viscosity)
 Strength: 14000 kg /m2
Historical Developments – contd.
 1970 Low attenuation fibre, by Apron and Keck (Corning
USA) from 1000 dB/km - to - 20 dB/km.
 Dopant added to the silica to increase/decrease fiber refractive
index
 1976 800 nm Graded multimode fibre @ 2 Gbps/km.
 1980’s
 1300 nm Single mode fibre @ 100 Gbps/km
 1500 nm Single mode fibre @ 1000 Gbps/km
 Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA)
Historical Developments – contd.
 1990’s
 Soliton transmission (exp.): 10 Gbps over 106 km with no error
 Optical amplifiers
 Wavelength division multiplexing
 Optical time division multiplexing
 2000 and beyond
 Optical Networking
 Dense WDM, @ 40 Gbps/channel, 10 channels
 Hybrid DWDM/OTDM
 ~ 50 THz transmission window
 > 1000 Channels WDM
 > 100 Gbps OTDM
 Polarization multiplexing
 Intelligent networks
Applications
 World Wide Submarine Networks
 Backbone Networks
 Optical Fiber Vs Satellite Systems
 Optical fiber have higher information carrying capacity
 In satellite, signal experience delay due to long distance
travelled from earth to satellite and back
 Satellite communications depends on atmospheric
conditions
 The main advantage of satellite communication is it has
the ability to reach any point in the globe
 Fiber optics and satellite systems are more likely to
complement each other, then compete one another.
Undersea Cables
Installed Fiber in the USA
Applications – contd.

 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)


 Local Area Networks (LANs)

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