Data Handling in I.O.

T
R.K.Biradar

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Lessons for IoT/M2M architectural layers and functions,
We have learnt in previous chapters, are-
⮚ Devices communicate, first over a local network or WPAN and

⮚ Then send the physical layer data to data- adaptation and gateway layer.

⮚ The gateway connects to the Internet, and communicates the data Packets. The
packets communicate over the Internet through a set of routers.

⮚ Application and application-support layers use the acquired and collected data
for IoT applications.

⮚ Applications can also control and monitor the functions of devices.

⮚ The application messages, commands and data communicates to devices

through the gateway using the Internet. 3
4.1 should be studied from chapter no. 5 of Rajkamal book
4.2 should be studied from chapter no. 6 of Rajkamal book

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 Learning Objectives
LO5.1 Apply the data-acquiring and data-storage functions for IoT/M2M
devices data and messages

LO5.2 Classify ways of organising data

LO5.3 Summarise the transactions on stored data, functions for business

processes and business intelligence, and the concepts of loT applications
—integration and services architecture

LO5.4 Identify the functions and usage of data analytics and data visualisations
for IoT applications and business processes

LO5.5 Explain knowledge discovery, knowledge management and knowledge-

management reference architecture 5
Let us understand in this chapter,

the functions required for

applications, services and business processes

at application-support and application layers.

These functions are :
1] data acquiring, 2] data storage, 3] data transactions, 4]
analytics, 5] results visualisations, 6] IoT applications
integration, 7] services, 8] processes, 9] intelligence, 10]
knowledge discovery and 11] knowledge management. 6
Let us first discuss the following terms and their meanings used in IoT application layers.

Application refers to application software or a collection of software components.

An application enables a user to perform a group of coordinated activities, functions and tasks.
Like-
• Streetlights control and monitoring is an example of an application.
• Software for tracking and inventory control are other examples of applications.
• Tracking applications use tags and locations data of the RFIDs.

Service denotes a mechanism, which enables the provisioning of access to one or more capabilities.
An interface for the service provides the access to capabilities The access to each capability is
consistent with constraints and policies, which a service-description specifies.

• Examples of service capabilities are automotive maintenance service capabilities or service

capabilities for the Automatic Chocolate Vending Machines (ACVMs) for timely filling of
chocolates into the machines.

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Let us first discuss the following terms and their meanings used in IoT application layers.

Application refers to application software or a collection of software components.

An application enables a user to perform a group of coordinated activities, functions and tasks.
Like-
• Streetlights control and monitoring is an example of an application.
• Software for tracking and inventory control are other examples of applications.
• Tracking applications use tags and locations data of the RFIDs.

Service denotes a mechanism, which enables the provisioning of access to one or more capabilities.
An interface for the service provides the access to capabilities The access to each capability is
consistent with constraints and policies, which a service-description specifies.

• Examples of service capabilities are automotive maintenance service capabilities or service

capabilities for the Automatic Chocolate Vending Machines (ACVMs) for timely filling of
chocolates into the machines.

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Service consists of a set of related software components and their functionalities The set is reused
for one or more purposes. Usage of the set is consistent with the controls constraints and policies
which are specified in the service description for each service . That is a Service Level
Agreement (SLA).

A service consists of a collection of self-contained, distinct and reusable components. It provides

logically grouped and encapsulated functionalities

Traffic lights synchronizing service, automobile maintenance service, devices location, detection and
tracking service, home security-breach detection and management service, waste containers
substitution service, and health-alerts service are the examples of IoT services

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a software architecture model, which consists of

services, messages, operations and processes. SOA components are distributed over a network or
the Internet in a high-level business entity.

• New business applications and applications integration architecture in an enterprise can be

developed using an SOA.

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 Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine
Example 5.1 [*Example gives the insights of various concepts of
this chapter, so read it care fully]
Problem:
Assume a connected chain of ACVMs spread all over a city. Each ACVM delivers
chocolate at each instance as per the user's choice among one of the 5 flavours, viz. FL1,
FL2, FL3, FL4 and FL5. A chosen chocolate delivers on insertion of coins of appropriate
amount as per the cost. A display unit displays user interfaces and takes part in user
interaction when a child wishes to buy and get the chocolate of her/his choice. The ACVM
also displays advertisements for chocolates, news, weather reports and events in the city
whenever not in use. Each ACVM connects to the Internet for its management and
services. What do application, service, SOA, business process and business intelligence
mean in the Internet of ACVMs?
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Solution: Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine
Application refers to software that provides for the management of ACVMs. When a new ACVM installs,
then the Manager updates the database of machine IDs. The manager programs the ACVMs for the
services and also does the diagnosis of each ACVM at regular intervals. This helps in locating the
improper functioning ACVMs.

When the Manager finds a specific ACVM faulty, he/she initiates the required steps. For example, sending SMS to
owner; informing the ACVM maintenance service which sends a mechanic; informing the chocolate-filling service,
and so on.

Service refers to software, which initiates filling of the ACVMs with chocolates of distinct flavours. Each service
has a service description for usage by a Manager application. Service includes a Service Level Agreement (SLA)
with the Manager. Service initiates actions on message from the Manager. For example, Manager periodically
delivers the messages for events and alerts for the sell up to the specified threshold levels at each ACVM for each
flavour. This enables service to optimally plan the filling of the ACVMs.

ACVMs manager can deploy number of services, like collection of coins service. Each service has the service
description (desc) and SLA. Service software distinguishes itself from an application due to its usages, not only
specific to one application but can also be to many applications. A service selection uses
Desc and enters into an SLA between service and application
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 Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine
SOA is architecture models all the ACVM services, their interactions and the initiation of each service on a distinct
message from an application, service or process to another. SOA describes the services, other components, their
interactions, the sequences of messages, operations and processes.

Process refers to series of activities such as acquiring data from the ACVMs for the counts of each flavour sold
during programmed intervals, analysing the acquired data, initiating messages for Fill service for each flavour
through Fill process. Another series of activities such as acquiring data for the amount collected at each of the
ACVMs at programmed intervals, analysing the acquired data; and initiating Collect service for each flavour through
Collect process.

Business process refers to series of related processes, such as Fill, Collect and Display at appropriate intervals is a
business process in ACVMs chain.

Business intelligence is a process which enables the ACVM business service to extract new facts and knowledge.
This enables the undertaking of better decisions for new option(s) to maximise profits. For example, dropping or
reduced loading of the ACVMs with specific flavour(s) in select regions or introducing new alternative flavours or
advertising for the flavours getting less favour from the children, or relocating ACVMs in specific areas or adopting
enterprise strategy for intimacy with children such as free chocolate on birthdays or awarding loyalty points.
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Example 2 gives the process of acquiring data from the embedded component devices
in the automobiles for Automotive Components and Predictive Automotive Maintenance
System (ACPAMS) application,

Example 5.2 Problem

Internet of ACPAMS application-How does a ACAMS application acquire data from the
embedded devices in the automobile components in a car?

Solution

A number of components, such as engine control system, axle, steering system, brake
linings, wipers, air conditioners, battery and shocks, need predictive maintenance. Each
component embedded computing hardware, software and interface to a network in an
automobile. Each embedded device in the automobile communicates to a central
computing system using the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. Consolidated data
then communicate thorough the Internet to the ACPAMS center (Example 5.2).

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• An application at the system, first manages each embedded
device. This means it allots the device ID (address),
activates, configures (manages device parameters and
settings), registers, deregisters, attaches and detaches.
System gateway software communicates to a service-centre
application.

• The gateway application in event of an automobile in the

vicinity of the hotspot, communicates the acquired data
aggregated over preset required intervals for each
embedded component device. The communication is
through Wi-Fi . As and when the automobile happens to be
near a Wi-Fi hotspot, the device data communicates to the
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application.
Message means a communicating entity or object.

Operation means action or set of actions. For example, actions during a bank transaction.
 
Transaction (trans + action) refers to two interrelated sets of operations or actions or instructions.
For example, a transaction may be access to sales data to select and get the annual sales in a
specific year in return. One operation is access to sales data and other is annual sales in return.
Another example of a transaction is a query transaction with a Database Management System
(DBMS).

Query is a command for getting select values from a database which in return transfer the answer to the
query after its processing. A query example is command to ACVMs database for providing sales data of
ACVMs on Sundays near city gardens in a specific festival period in a year.

Business Transaction (BT) in database theory, refers to a (business) process that requests
information from or that changes the data in a database. One operation in a BT is a command
‘connect’ that connects a DBMS and database, which in turn also connects with the DBMS. Similarly, BTs
are processes using commands insert, delete, append , and modify.
 
Process means a composition of a group of structured activities or tasks that lead to a particular goal (or
that interact to achieve a result). For example, streetlights control
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Process of the purchase process of an airline ticket. A process specifies activities with
relevance rules based on data in the process.

Process Matrix is a multi-element entity, each element of which relates a set of data or inputs to an
activity (or subset of activities).

Business Process (BP) is an activity or series of activities or a collection of inter-related

structured activities, tasks or processes. A BP serves a particular goal or specific result or service or
product.

The BP is a representation or process matrix or flowchart ot a sequence of activities with

interleaving decision points; interleaving means putting in between. Decision point means an
instance in a series of activities when decisions are taken for further activities.

Business Intelligence (BI) is a process which enables a business service to extract new facts and
knowledge, and then undertake better decisions. These new facts and knowledge follow from earlier
results of data processing, aggregation and analysis of these results.
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