Engineering Mechanics I: Statics

(CEng 2051) Semester I 2020/2021 G.C.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
 Chapter II
Force
System.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
 Introduction
• A force can be defined as the action of one body on
another that changes/tends to changes the state of the
body acted on.
• A force can be applied on a body as;
Contact force:-Applied by direct mechanical contact
of the acting body on the acted one (Created by
push and pull).
Remote action (Body force):-Applied by remote action
as in gravitational, electrical, Magnetic, etc forces.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
 Introduction Cont…

• Categories of force depending on their

arrangement in space.
Coplanar Forces:- are forces which act on the
same plane.
Non coplanar forces:- are forces which act on
different planes
» Non coplanar parallel forces
» Non-coplanar concurrent forces
» General Non coplanar force

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
 Introduction Cont…
• Non Coplanar Parallel forces:- is system of
non planar forces but which are parallel.

• Non Coplanar Concurrent forces:- are non

planar forces whose lines of action meet at
a point.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Introduction Cont…
• General Non Coplanar forces.

• Categories depending on their

arrangement in plane
 Coplanar collinear forces
 Coplanar parallel forces
 Coplanar concurrent forces
 General coplanar forces
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Introduction Cont…
• Coplanar collinear forces:- are coplanar
forces acting on the same line-collinear.

• Coplanar parallel forces:- Are forces which

are on the same plane and parallel

• Coplanar concurrent forces:- Are forces on

the same plane whose lines of action
intersect at a point.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Introduction Cont…
• General coplanar
forces

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Composition and Resolution of Forces.
Vector Addition – graphical method Cont…
The parallelogram law-resultant force
Two forces maybe replaced by a single force
(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal
of the parallelogram having sides equal to the
given forces.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
 Vector Addition – Graphical method
Cont…
The triangle rule (from parallelogram law)

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Vector Addition – Analytic Method

• Trigonometric rules
• applying sine and cosine rules

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
 Resolution of Forces (Decomposition).

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Force Systems
Part A: Two Dimensional Force Systems

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
 Rectangular Components.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Components of Force

Examples

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Example 2.1 (problem 2/1)6th
 The force F has a
magnitude of 800 N.
Express F as a vector in
terms of the unit vectors i
and j. Identify the x and y
scalar components of F.
Example 2.2
 The link is subjected to two
forces F1 and F2. Determine
the magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Example 2.3 ( Sample Problem 2/1)6th
Determine the x and y scalar components of each of the
three forces

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
 Rectangular components

 Unit vectors
•  
y n = Unit vector in direction of V

j 
n

  V Vxˆi  Vy ˆj Vx ˆ Vy
Vy n       i   ˆj
V V V V
qy
qx x  c o s  xˆi  c o s  y ˆj

Vx

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Example 2.4 (Problem 2/4) 6th
The line of action of the 34-kN force runs through the
points A and B as shown in the figure.
(a) Determine the x and y scalar component of F.
(b) Write F in vector form.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Moment
o In addition to tendency to move a body
in the direction of its application, a
force tends to rotate a body about an
axis.
o The axis is any line which neither
intersects nor is parallel to the line of
action
o This rotational tendency is known as
the moment M of the force
Proportional to force F and the
perpendicular distance from the axis to
the line of action of the force d
The magnitude of M is M = Fd
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Moment
o The moment is a vector M perpendicular
to the plane of the body.
o Sense of M is determined by the right-
hand rule
Direction of the thumb = arrowhead
Fingers curled in the direction of the
rotational tendency
In a given plane (2D),we may speak of
moment about a point which means
moment with respect to an axis normal to
the plane and passing through the point.
+, - signs are used for moment directions –
must be consistent throughout the problem!
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Moment
A vector approach for moment
calculations is proper for 3D problems.
Moment of F about point A maybe
represented by the cross-product
M=rxF

where r = a position vector from point A

to any point on the line of action of F

M = Fr sin a = Fd

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
 Moment

Varignon’s Theorem (Principle of Moments)

Moment of a Force about a point is equal to the sum of the
moments of the force’s components about the point.

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Example 2.5( Sample problem 2/5)6th
Calculate the magnitude of the
moment about the base point O of
the 600-N force by using both
scalar and vector approaches.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Example 2.6 (Problem 2/50)6th

(a) Calculate the moment of the 90-

N force about point O for the
condition q = 15º.
(b) Determine the value of q for
which the moment about O is (b.1)
zero (b.2) a maximum

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Couple
 Moment produced by two equal, opposite, and
non-collinear forces = couple
 Moment of a couple has the same value for
all moment center
M = F(a+d) – Fa = Fd
 Vector approach
 Couple M is a free vector

M = rA x F + rB x (-F) = (rA - rB) x F = r x F

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Couple: Example
Moment required to turn the shaft connected at
center of the wheel = 12 Nm
Case I: Couple Moment produced by 40 N
forces = 12 Nm
Case II: Couple Moment produced by 30 N
forces = 12 Nm
If only one hand is used?
Force required for case I is 80N
Force required for case II is 60N
What if the shaft is not connected at the center
of the wheel?
Is it a Free Vector?

Engineering Mechanics: Statics

 Couple
 Equivalent couples
 Change of values F and d
 Force in different directions but parallel plane

 Product Fd remains the same

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Force-Couple Systems
 Replacement of a force by a force and a couple
 Force F is replaced by a parallel force F and a
counterclockwise couple Fd

Example 2.7 (Sample Problem 2/8)6th

Replace the horizontal 400-N force acting on the lever by an
equivalent system consisting of a force at O and a couple.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Example 2.8 (problem 2/67) 5th
The wrench is subjected to the 200-N force and the
force P as shown. If the equivalent of the two forces is
a force R at O and a couple expressed as the vector M
= 20 kN.m, determine the vector expressions for P and
R

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Resultants
 The simplest force combination
which can replace the original
forces without changing the
external effect on the rigid body
 Resultant = a force-couple system

    
R  F1  F2  F3    F

Rx  Fx , Ry  Fy , R  (Fx )2  (Fy )2

-1 Ry
 = ta n
Rx

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Resultants
 Choose a reference point (point O) and
move all forces to that point
 Add all forces at O to form the resultant
force R and add all moment to form the
resultant couple MO
 Find the line of action of R by requiring
R to have a moment of MO
 
R  F
MO  M  (Fd )
Rd = MO

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
 Example 2.9 (Problem 2/87)6th
Replace the three forces acting on the bent pipe by a
single equivalent force R. Specify the distance x from
point O to the point on the x-axis through which the line
of action of R passes.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Force Systems
Part B: Three Dimensional Force Systems

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 Rectangular components in 3D
 Rectangular components in 3D
• Express in terms of unit vectors , , î ˆj k̂


F  Fxˆi  Fy ˆj  Fk
z
ˆ

Fx  Fc o s  x , Fy  Fc o s  y , Fz  Fc o s  z

F  Fx 2  Fy 2  Fz 2
• cosqx, cosqy , cosqz are the direction
cosines
• cosqx = l, cosqy = m, cosq z= n

F  F(liˆ  m ˆj  n kˆ )
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
  
 Rectangular components in 3D
• If the coordinates of points A and
B on the line of action are known,

  AB ( x 2  x1)ˆi  (y 2  y 1)ˆj  ( z 2  z1)kˆ
F  Fn F  F F
AB ( x 2  x1)2  (y 2  y 1)2  ( z 2  z1)2

• If two angles and which orient the

line of action of the force are
known,
Fxy  Fc o s  , Fz  Fsin 
Fx  Fc o s  c o s  , Fy  Fc o s  sin 
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 Example 2.10 (Problem 2/98)5th
 The cable exerts a tension of 2 kN on the fixed
bracket at A. Write the vector expression for the
tension T.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
  Dot product
 •
The dot product of two vectors P and Q, Fig.a, is defined as the
product of their magnitudes times the cosine of the angle
between them. It is written as

 •
We can view this product either as the orthogonal projection P
cos of P in the direction of Q multiplied by Q, or as the
orthogonal projection Q cos of Q in the direction of P
multiplied by P. In either case the dot product of the two vectors
is a scalar quantity. Thus, for instance, we can express the scalar
component Fx =Fcosof the force Fx.i where i is the unit vector
in the x-direction.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Example 2.11 (Problem 2/98)5th
 Find the projection of T along the line OA

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 Moment and Couple
 Moment of force F about the axis through
point O is
MO = r x F
 r runs from O to any point on the line of action of F
 Point O and force F establish a plane A
 The vector Mo is normal to the plane in the direction
established by the right-hand rule

 Evaluating the cross product

ˆi ˆj kˆ
MO  rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Moment and Couple
 Moment about an arbitrary axis
    
M  (r  F  n )n

known as triple scalar product (see appendix C/7)

 The triple scalar product may be represented by

the determinant
rx ry rz

M  M  Fx Fy Fz
l m n
where l, m, n are the direction cosines of the unit vector
n

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
Example 2.12(Sample Problem 2/10)5th
A tension T of magnitude 10kN is
applied to the cable attached to the top
A of the rigid mast and secured to the
ground at B. Determine the moment
Mz of T about the z-axis passing
through the base O.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Couple
If the vector r joins any point B on the
line of action of – F to any point A on
the line of action of F. The combined
moment (couple) of the two forces
about O is;

However, , so that all references to the

moment center O disappears, and the moment of the
couple becomes

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Couple
The moment of the couple, M=rxF. It is the same about
all points. Thus,
o The moment of the couple is a free vector, where as
the moment of a force about a point is a sliding vector
whose direction is along the axis through the point.
o A couple tends to produce a pure rotation of the body
about an axis normal to the plane of the forces which
constitute the couple.

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 Force-Couple System
The force F at point A is replaced by an equal force F at
point B and the couple M=rxF.
o Couple vectors obey all of the rules, which govern
vector quantity.

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 Resultants
 A force system can be reduced to a resultant force and a
resultant couple

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 Wrench Resultants
 Any general force systems can be represented by a
wrench

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Example 2.13 (Problem 2/143) 5th
 Replace the two forces and single couple by an
equivalent force-couple system at point A
 Determine the wrench resultant and the coordinate in
the xy plane through which the resultant force of the
wrench acts

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Wrench Resultants
 Special cases
• Concurrent forces – no moments about point of
concurrency
• Coplanar forces – 2D
• Parallel forces (not in the same plane) – magnitude of
resultant = algebraic sum of the forces
• Wrench resultant – resultant couple M is parallel to
the resultant force R
• Example of positive wrench = screw driver

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
 Example 2.14 (Problem 2/142) 5th
 Replace the resultant of the force system acting on the
pipe assembly by a single force R at A and a couple M
 Determine the wrench resultant and the coordinate in
the xy plane through which the resultant force of the
wrench acts

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
 End
Thank You for your attention.

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A