Case study

On
Rectifier…
322010328054
Tejasri Sunkara.
What is a rectifier?
A rectifier is a device that converts an oscillating two-directional
alternating current (AC) into a single-directional direct current
(DC).Rectifiers can take a wide variety of physical forms, from
vacuum tube diodes and crystal radio receivers to modern
silicon-based designs.
Rectifier is divided into 3 types:
~Half-wave rectifier.
~Full-wave rectifier.
~Bridge-rectifier.
rcuit Diagrams:
“
Working of Half Wave Rectifier:

The half-wave rectifier has both positive and negative cycles. During the positive half
of the input, the current will flow from positive to negative which will generate only
a positive half cycle of the a.c supply. When a.c supply is applied to the transformer,
the voltage will be decreasing at the secondary winding of the diode. All the
variations in the a.c supply will reduce, and we will get the pulsating d.c voltage to
the load resistor. In the second half cycle, the current will flow
from negative to positive and the diode will
be reverse biased. Thus, at the output side,
there will be no current generated, and we
cannot get power at the load resistance. A
small amount of reverse current will flow
during reverse bias due to minority carriers.
Working of Full Wave Rectifier:
The full-
wave rectifier utilizes both halves of
each a.c input. When the p-n
junction is forward biased, the diode
offers low resistance and when it is
reversing biased it gives high
resistance. The circuit is designed in
such a manner that in the first half
cycle if the diode is forward biased
then in the second half cycle it is
reverse biased and so on.
Characteristics of Half Wave Rectifier:
Ripple Factor:
Ripples are the oscillations that are obtained in DC which is corrected by using filters such as inductors and capacitors.
These ripples are measured with the help of the ripple factor and are denoted by γ. Ripple factor tells us the number of
ripples presents in the output DC. Higher the ripple factor, more is the oscillation at the output DC and lower is the ripple
factor, less is the oscillation at the output DC.
Ripple factor is the ratio of RMS value of the AC component of the output voltage to the DC component of the output voltage.
γ=(VrmsVDC)2−1−−−−
DC Current: −−−−−√DC Output Voltage:
IDC=Imax/π The output DC voltage appears at the load resistor RL which is
Where, obtained by multiplying output DC voltage with the load resistor R L. The
• Imax is the maximum DC load current
output DC voltage is given as: VDC=Vsmax/π
Where,
• VSmax is the maximum secondary voltage
Form Factor:
The form factor is the ratio of RMS value to the DC value. For a half-wave
rectifier, the form factor is 1.57.
Rectifier Efficiency:
Rectifier efficiency is the ratio of output DC power to the input AC
power. For a half-wave rectifier, rectifier efficiency is 40.6%.
Characteristics of Full Wave Rectifier:
Ripple Factor:
Ripple factor for a full-wave rectifier is given as:
γ=(VrmsVDC)2−1−−−−−−−−−√
DC Current: DC Output Voltage
Currents from both the diodes D1 and DC output voltage is obtained at the load resistor
D2 are in the same direction when they RL and is given as:
flow towards load resistor RL. The current VDC=2Vmax/π
produced by both the diodes is the ratio of Where,
Imax to π, therefore the DC current is given • Vmax is the maximum secondary voltage
as: IDC=2Imax/π
Where,
• Imax is the maximum DC load current
Form Factor:
The form factor is the ratio of RMS value of current to the output DC voltage. The form factor of a full-
wave rectifier is given as 1.11
Rectifier Efficiency:
Rectifier efficiency is used as a parameter to determine the efficiency of the rectifier to convert AC
into DC. It is the ratio of DC output power to the AC input power. The rectifier efficiency of a full-wave
rectifier is 81.2%.
Advantages of
rectifier:
Half Wave Rectifier:
• Affordable
• Simple connections
• Easy to use as the connections are simple
• Number of components used are less
Full Wave Rectifier:
• The rectifier efficiency of a full-wave rectifier is
high
• The power loss is very low
• Number of ripples generated are less
Disadvantages of
rectifier:
Half Wave Rectifier:
• Ripple production is more
• Harmonics are generated
• Utilization of the transformer is very
low
• The efficiency of rectification is low
Full Wave Rectifier:
• Very expensive
Applications and Uses of Rectifiers:
• A rectifier is used for powering appliances.
• These are used with transformers.
• Uses of rectifier while soldering.
• It is also used in AM radio.
• Uses of Rectifier in circuits.
• It is used for modulation.
• It is used in voltage multiplier.
 Reference
~ Notes given by our lecturer Dr.Girish Mishra ji.
~ virtually experienced a lot by using virtual labs.
~ Lotz and lotzzz… of info from google.

11
 Conclusi
on
Finally, Rectification is the conversion of
sinusoidal waveform into unidirectional
(non-zero) waveform . In this case, the first
half cycle of a sinusoidal waveform is
positive and the inclusion of a reverse
biased diode makes the current not to flow
to the negative side of the wave.
 A full wave rectifier is a circuit which converts
the entire alternating input voltage into direct
voltage. Peak inverse voltage for full wave
rectifier is twice the maximum value of applied
input voltage.
 THANKS!

Any questions?
You can find me at @Huhuhu & [email protected]