C Programming

Language Tutorial
Prepared by:MARIEL C. lAYLAY
 What is c language:-

 C is mother language of all programming language.

 It is a popular computer programming language.
 It is procedure-oriented programming language.
 It is also called mid level programming language.
 History of c language:-

 C programming language was developed in 1972 by Dennis

Ritchie at bell laboratories of AT&T(American Telephone &
Telegraph), located in U.S.A.
 Dennis Ritchie is known as founder of c language.
 It was developed to be used in UNIX Operating system.
 It inherits many features of previous languages such as B and
BPCL.
History of c programming

Language year Developed By

ALGOL 1960 International
Group
BPCL 1967 Martin Richards
B 1970 Ken Thompson
Traditional C 1972 Dennis Ritchie
K&RC 1978 Kernighan &
Dennis Ritchie
ANSI C 1989 ANSI Committee
ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee
C99 1999 Standardization
Committee
Features of C Language:-
There are many features of c language are given below.

1) Machine Independent or Portable

2) Mid-level programming language
3) structured programming language
4) Rich Library
5) Memory Management
6) Fast Speed
7) Pointers
8) Recursion
9) Extensible
First Program of C Language:-
#include <stdio.h>  
#include <conio.h>  
void main(){  
printf(“HELLO WORLD!”);  
  getch();  
}  
 Describe the C Program :-
 #include <stdio.h> includes the standard input output library
functions. The printf() function is defined in stdio.h .
 #include <conio.h> includes the console input output library
functions. The getch() function is defined in conio.h file.
 void main() The main() function is the entry point of every
program in c language. The void keyword specifies that it
returns no value.
 printf() The printf() function is used to print data on the
console.
 getch() The getch() function asks for a single character. Until
you press any key, it blocks the screen.
Output of Program is:-

HELLO WORLD!
 Input output function:-
There are two input output function of c language.
1) First is printf()
2) Second is scanf()
 printf() function is used for output. It prints the given statement
to the console.
 Syntax of printf() is given below:
 printf(“format string”,arguments_list);
 Format string can be %d(integer), %c(character), %s(string),
%f(float) etc.
Input/ output function

 scanf() Function: is used for input. It reads the input

data from console.
 scanf(“format string”,argument_list);

 Note:-See more example of input-output function on:-

 www.javatpoint.com/printf-scanf
 Data types in C language:-
 There are four types of data types in C language.

Types Data Types

Basic Data Type int, char, float, double

Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union

Enumeration Data Type enum

Void Data Type void

 Keywords in C Language:-

 A keyword is a reserved word. You cannot use it as a

variable name, constant name etc.
 There are 32 keywords in C language as given below:

auto break case char const contin default do

ue
double else enum extern float for goto if
int long register return short signed sizeof static
struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while
Operators in C language:-
 There are following types of operators to perform different
types of operations in C language.
1) Arithmetic Operators
2) Relational Operators
3) Shift Operators
4) Logical Operators
5) Bitwise Operators
6) Ternary or Conditional Operators
7) Assignment Operator
8) Misc Operator
Control statement in C language:-
1) if-else
2) switch
3) loops
4) do-while loop
5) while loop
6) for loop
7) break
8) continue
 C if else statement:-
 There are many ways to use if statement in C language:
1) If statement
2) If-else statement
3) If else-if ladder
4) Nested if
 if statement:-
 In if statement is used to execute the code if condition is true.
 syntax:-
if(expression){
//code to be execute
}
 If else statement:-
 The if-else statement is used to execute the code if condition is
true or false.
 Syntax:
if(expression){  
//code to be executed if condition is true  
}else{  
//code to be executed if condition is false  
}  
 if else-if ladder Statement:-
Syntax:
if(condition1){  
//code to be executed if condition1 is true  
}else if(condition2){  
//code to be executed if condition2 is true  
}  
else if(condition3){  
//code to be executed if condition3 is true  
}  
...  
else{  
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false  
}  

CSyntax:
Switch Statement:-
switch(expression){    
case value1:    
 //code to be executed;    
 break;  //optional  
case value2:    
 //code to be executed;    
 break;  //optional  
......    
default:     
 code to be executed if all cases are not matched;    
}    
 Loops in C language:-
 Loops are used to execute a block of code or a part of program
of the program several times.
Types of loops in C language:-
 There are 3 types of loops in c language.
1) do while
2) while
3) for
 do-while loop in C:-
 It is better if you have to execute the code at least once.
 Syntax:-
do{  
//code to be executed  
}while(condition); 
 while loop in c language:-
 It is better if number of iteration is not known by the user.
 Syntax:-
while(condition){  
//code to be executed  
} 
 For loop in C language:-
 It is good if number of iteration is known by the user.
 Syntax:-
for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){  
//code to be executed  
} 
 C it isbreak statement:-
 used to break the execution of loop (while, do while and
for) and switch case.
 Syntax:-
jump-statement;  
break;  
Continue statement in C language:-
 it is used to continue the execution of loop (while, do while and
for). It is used with if condition within the loop.
 Syntax:-
jump-statement;  
continue;  
Note:- you can see the example of above all control statements on.
www.javatpoint.com/c-if else
Functions in C language:-
 To perform any task, we can create function. A function can be
called many times. It provides modularity and code reusability.
Advantage of function:-
1) Code Resuability
2) Code optimization
 Syntax to declare function:-
return_type function_name(data_type parameter...){  
//code to be executed  
}  
 Syntax to call function:-
variable=function_name(arguments...);  
 Call by value in C language:-
 In call by value, value being passed to the
function is locally stored by the function
parameter in stack memory location.
 If you change the value of function
parameter, it is changed for the current
function only.
 It will not change the value of variable
inside the caller method such as main().
Example of call by value:-

#include <stdio.h>  
#include <conio.h>  
void change(int num) {  
    printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d \n",num);  
    num=num+100;  
    printf("After adding value inside function num=%d \n", num);  
}  
  int main() {  
    int x=100;  
    clrscr();  
   printf("Before function call x=%d \n", x);  
    change(x);//passing value in function  
    printf("After function call x=%d \n", x);  
   getch();  
    return 0;  
}  
Output window :-

Before function call x=100

Before adding value inside function num=100
After adding value inside function num=200
After function call x=100
 Call by reference in C:-
 In call by reference, original value is modified because we pass
reference (address).
 Note : Learn Call by reference in details with example via
JavaTpoint.
Example of call by Reference:-
#include <stdio.h>  
#include <conio.h>  
void change(int *num) {  
    printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d \n",*num);  
    (*num) += 100;  
    printf("After adding value inside function num=%d \n", *num);  
}  
  
int main() {  
    int x=100;  
    clrscr();  
    printf("Before function call x=%d \n", x);  
    change(&x);//passing reference in function  
    printf("After function call x=%d \n", x);  
  
    getch();  
    return 0;  
}  
Output window:-

Before function call x=100

Before adding value inside function num=100
After adding value inside function num=200
After function call x=200
 Recursion in C:-
 A function that calls itself, and doen't perform any task after
function call, is know as tail recursion. In tail recursion, we
generally call the same function with return statement.
 Syntax:-
recursionfunction(){  
  
recursionfunction();//calling self function  
  
}  
 Array in C:-
 Array in C language is a collection or group of
elements (data). All the elements of array
are homogeneous(similar). It has contiguous
memory location.
Declaration of array:-
 data_type array_name[array_size];  
Eg:-
 int marks[7];  
Types of array:-
1) 1-D Array
2) 2-D Array
 Advantage of array:-
1)Code Optimization
2) Easy to traverse data
3) Easy to sort data
4) Random Access
 2-D Array in C:-
 2-d Array is represented in the form of rows and columns, also
known as matrix. It is also known as array of arrays or list of
arrays.
Declaration of 2-d array:-
 data_type array_name[size1][size2];  
 Initialization of 2-d array:-
int arr[3][4]={{1,2,3,4},{2,3,4,5},{3,4,5,6}};   
C1 C2 C3 C4
R1
1 2 3 4

R2
2 3 4 5
R3

3 4 5 6
Pointer in c language

 Pointer is a user defined data_type which create the

special types of variables.

 It can hold the address of primitive data type like int,

char, float, double or user define datatypes like
function, pointer etc.

 it is used to retrieving strings, trees etc. and used with

arrays, structures and functions.
Advantage of pointer in c

 Pointer reduces the code and improves the

performance.

 We can return multiple values from function using

pointer.

 It make you able to access any memory location in the

computer’s memory.
 symbol used in pointer

Symbol Name Description

& (ampersand address of operator determines the
sign) address of a
variable.
* (asterisk sign) indirection operator accesses the value
at the address.
 Declaration of pointer
Syntax:-
int *ptr;
int (*ptr)();
int (*ptr)[2];
For e.g.-
int a=5; // a= variable name//
int * ptr; // value of variable= 5//
ptr=&a; // Address where it has stored in memory : 1025
(assume) //
A simple example of C pointer
#include <stdio.h>      
#include <conio.h>    
void main(){      
int number=50;    
clrscr();      
printf("value of number is %d, address
 of number is %u",number,&number);  
getch();      
}      
Output window

value of number is 50, address of number is fff4

 www.javatpoint.com
Referenced by:-