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    Qualitative Analysis: Tip: in Order To Identify An Unknown Salt, It Must

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    Farrel Leroy

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    Qualitative Analysis: Tip: in Order To Identify An Unknown Salt, It Must

    Uploaded by

    Farrel Leroy
    35 views11 pages

    Original Title

    12c Qualitative Analysis

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    35 views11 pages

    Qualitative Analysis: Tip: in Order To Identify An Unknown Salt, It Must

    Uploaded by

    Farrel Leroy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Qualitative Analysis

    All salts are ionic compounds. Hence, they


    contain cations (positive ions) and anions
    (negative ions). We can make use of this idea to
    identify an unknown salt.

    The process of identification of cations and


    anions is known as qualitative analysis.

    Tip: In order to identify an unknown salt, it must


    be dissolved in water.
    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
    Identifying Cations

    Most cations give precipitates with alkalis.


    Exceptions: Na+, K+ and NH4+

    A cation can be identified by noting the following


    a) the colour of the precipitate produced
    b) whether the precipitate is soluble or insoluble
    in an excess of an alkali.
    c) whether ammonia gas is liberated on addition
    of sodium hydroxide solution.
    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
    What are the precipitates?

    The precipitate in each of the reactions is the


    hydroxide of the metal ion.

    For example, the reddish-brown precipitate in


    a solution containing iron(III) ions is iron(III)
    hydroxide, Fe(OH)3.

    Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)3

    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


    What are the precipitates?

    Some of the precipitates dissolve in excess


    sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia
    (for example, solutions containing zinc ions or
    copper(II) ions).

    This is due to the formation of compounds that


    are soluble in water.

    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


    Identifying Anions

    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


    Identifying Gases

    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


    Identifying Gases

    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


    How do we test for the presence of
    water?

    When a substance is heated, a colourless


    liquid that condenses near the top of the test
    tube is most likely to be water given off by a
    hydrated salt.

    There are two chemical tests that will show


    whether a liquid is water.

    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


    Identifying Water

    1. Test with anhydrous copper(II) sulphate


    Water will change the colour of anhydrous
    copper(II) sulphate from white to blue.

    2. Test with anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride


    Water will change the colour of dry
    cobalt(II) chloride paper from blue to pink.

    Note that these two tests only show the presence of water.
    They cannot be used to test for the purity of water.
    Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

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