Database Management System (DBMS) : Sem 1 IBS
Database Management System (DBMS) : Sem 1 IBS
Database Management System (DBMS) : Sem 1 IBS
System (DBMS)
SEM 1
IBS
Basic Definitions
Controlling Redundancy
Restricting Unauthorized Access
Providing Backup and Recovery
Providing Multiple User Interfaces
Representing Complex Relationships among Data
Enforcing Integrity Constraints
Availability of Up-to-Date Information
Data Models
A domain D is a set of atomic values. By atomic we mean that each value in the
domain is indivisible as far as the formal relational model is concerned.
Some examples of domains follow:
Social_security_numbers. The set of valid nine-digit Social Security numbers.
Names: The set of character strings that represent names of persons.
Employee_ages. Possible ages of employees in a company; each must be an integer value
between 15 and 80.
A relation schema R, denoted by R(A1, A2, ...,An), is made up of a relation name R
and a list of attributes, A1, A2, ...,An.
The degree (or arity) of a relation is the number of attributes n of its relation
schema.
A relation of degree seven, which stores information about university students,
would contain seven attributes describing each student. as follows:
STUDENT(Name, Ssn, Home_phone, Address, Office_phone, Age, Gpa)
Using the data type of each attribute, the definition is sometimes written as:
STUDENT(Name: string, Ssn: string, Home_phone: string, Address: string,
Office_phone: string, Age: integer, Gpa: real)
Several types of attributes occur in the ER model:
simple versus composite,
single valued versus multivalued, and
stored versus derived
NULL Values
Complex Attributes
Complex Attributes
Values and NULLs in the Tuples
An Each value in a tuple is an atomic value; that is, it is not divisible into components
within the framework of the basic relational model. Hence, composite and multivalued
attributes are not allowed.
important concept is that of NULL values, which are used to represent the values of
attributes that may be unknown or may not apply to a tuple.
In general, we can have several meanings for NULL values, such as value unknown, value
exists but is not available, or attribute does not apply to this tuple (also known as value
undefined)
E-R Data Model
Entity types that do not have key attributes of their own are
called weak entity types.
A weak entity type normally has a partial key, which is the
attribute that can uniquely identify weak entities that are
related to the same owner entity
In ER diagrams, both a weak entity type and its identifying
relationship are distinguished by surrounding their boxes and
diamonds with double lines