Module 3 - Presentation of Data
Module 3 - Presentation of Data
Presentation of Data
Lesson Objectives
A. Frequency Distribution
The frequency distribution is a way of summarizing data by showing the number of
observations that belong in the class intervals.
Some Definitions:
Class interval – the range of values that belong the class or category
Class limits – are the end numbers used to define the class interval. The lower class
limit is the lower end number and the upper class limit is the upper end number.
Class frequency – is the number of observations that belong in a class interval.
Class size – is the size of the class interval. Use multiples of 5, 10, 15, etc.
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Steps in Constructing the Frequency Distribution Using MS Excel:
1. Get the lowest data and the highest observations of the variable of interest.
2. Construct the bin range. The bin range should consist only of the upper class limits. Choose the first upper class
limit. Make sure that the number of digits of the upper class limit is the same as the number of digits of the raw
data. Make sure that the first upper class limit is a value lower or equal to the lowest observation.
3. Add the class size to the first upper class limit. Use class size in the multiple of 5, 10, etc., for easy addition.
4. Continue to add the class limits until the highest observations is within the interval of the last upper class limit.
5. Click Data Menu.
6. Click Data Analysis.
7. Click Histogram.
8. Click Ok.
9. For the input Range, highlight the data.
10. For the Bin Range, highlight the bin range that was constructed.
11. Click Ok.
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Example: Construct the frequency distribution of the following scores of the students in their Statistics
subjects consisted of 100 items: 78, 45, 67, 22, 90, 90, 82, 87, 58, 89, 59, 66, 78, 73, 75, 82, 82, 81, 69,
70.
Output using Excel:
First thing to do is to encode the data in excel.
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Step 1:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Step 2-4:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Step 5-6:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Step 7-8:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Step 9-10:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Step 11:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
A. Frequency Distribution
Edited Output
Cumulative
Scores Frequency Frequency
21-30 1 1
31-40 0 1
41-50 1 2
51-60 2 4
61-70 4 8
71-80 4 12
81-90 8 20
II. Tabular Presentation of Data
It is introduced by John Tukey and the objective of this method is to some extent overcomes the loss of
actual observations. The stem is the leading digit or digits and the leaf is the trailing digit. The stem is
placed in the first column and the leaf at the second column.
Example: Construct a stem-and-leaf plot using the scores of the students in their Statistics subjects
consisted of 100 items: 78, 45, 67, 22, 90, 90, 82, 87, 58, 89, 59, 66, 78, 73, 75, 82, 82, 81, 69, 70.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Types of Charts
1. Histogram
A histogram is a graph in which classes are
marked on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and
the class frequencies on the vertical axis (y-
axis). The height of the bars represents the
class frequencies and the bars are drawn
adjacent to each other.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Types of Charts
2. Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a graph that
displays the data using points which are
connected by lines. The frequencies are
represented by the heights of the points at
the midpoints of the classes. The vertical
axis represents the frequency of the
distribution while the horizontal axis
represents the midpoints of the frequency
distribution.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Types of Charts
A. Types of Charts
4. Pareto Chart
A pareto chart is a graph used to represent
the frequency distribution for a categorical
data (or nominal level) and frequencies are
displayed by the heights of vertical bards,
which are arranged in order from highest to
lowest.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Types of Charts
5. Bar Chart
A bar chart is similar to bar histogram. The
bases of the rectangle are arbitrary intervals
whose centers are the codes. The height of
each rectangle represents the frequency of
that category. It is also applicable for
categorical data.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Types of Charts
6. Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circle divided in to portions
that represent the relative frequencies (or
percentages) of the data belonging to
different categories. The data in pie chart
should be categorical data.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Types of Charts
A. Types of Charts
8. Pictograph
A pictograph immediately suggests the
nature of the data being shown. It is a
combination of the attention-getting quality
and accuracy of the bar chart. Appropriate
pictures arranged in a row present the
quantities for comparison.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Types of Charts
9. Scatter Plot
A scatter plot is used to examine possible
relationships between two numerical
variables. The two variables are plot in x-
axis and y-axis.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data