History and Concept of Extension Education: by Ms. D. Sancley

LECTURE :1 By Ms. D.
Sancley
HISTORY AND CONCEPT OF EXTENSION EDUCATION
Introduction:
History of agricultural extension is intimately related to the development in technology.
The need for extension was felt in Europe and North America during the 18th century
in the wake of industrial development
The first society is said to be established in Scotland in 1728 for the spread of
knowledge of agriculture through lectures and publications.
The roots of extension education, however, can be traced back to 1840 when the term“
University Extension” was first used in Britain
The first practical steps were taken in 1867-68.
James Stuart is called as the father of “University Extension”
The system was accepted by the Cambridge as well as Oxford University in 1873.
Dr. J. P. Leagans of USA is known as the father of extension, whereas Dr. K. N. Singh
is known as father of Extension in the Indian context.
GROWTH OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION AS A DISCIPLINE
IN INDIA
The teaching of extension education at undergraduate level started in the

year 1950 at the College of Agriculture, Calcutta University.
The first post-graduate teaching was launched in1955, at Bihar Agricultural

College, Sabour.
Next was the post-graduate programme initiated at the College of Nagpur in

1958.
The Ph.D. programme in the discipline of extension was first introduced at

IARI in 1961.
Subsequently, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, followed with

Master’s and Ph.D. Programmes in Agricultural Extension in 1961.
Division of Dairy Extension was established at National Dairy Research

Institute (NDRI), Karnal in May 1961 to undertake extension activities, besides
teaching and research in Dairy Extension.
DEFINITIONS OF EXTENSION AND DAIRY EXTENSION
EDUCATION
Extension
1.The word Extension is derived from the Latin roots: “ex” meaning “out”; and,
“tensio” meaning “stretching”.
2.According to Rolling (1986), “Extension” refers to the actual work done by

professional extension agents at various levels of management; while
“Extension Education” refers to the body of knowledge concerning that work or
practice.
3.“Extension” involves the conscious use of communication of information to

help people form sound opinions and make good decisions (Van den Ban &
Hawkins, 1998).
4.Extension is everything that people who think of themselves as extensionists

do as part of their professional practice (Leeuwis, 2004).
5.“Extension Education” is the process of teaching rural people how to live

better by learning ways to improve their farm, home and community institutions’
(Leagans, 1961).
Extension Education
Extension Education is an applied behavioural science, the

knowledge of which is applied to bring about desirable changes in
the behavioural complex of human being usually through various
strategies, programmes of change, and by applying the latest
scientific & technological innovations.
Dairy extension education
Dairy Extension Education is the process of educating dairy

stakeholders how to live better by learning ways to improve their
farm, home and community institutions. Dairy Extension Education
is ‘helping people to help themselves’ in changing their
behaviour(knowledge, attitude and skill), in a desirable direction,
in order to bring overall development in an individual, his family,
his community and thereby for the nation.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FORMAL EDUCATION AND EXTENSION EDUCATION
Sr, Formal Education Extension Education
No
1 The teacher starts with theory &works The teacher (extension professional)starts
up to practical. with practical & may take up theory later on.
2 Students study subjects. Clients study problems.
3 Students must adapt themselves to It has no fixed curriculum or course of study
the fixed curriculum offered. & the clients help to formulate the
curriculum.
4 Authority rests with the teacher. Authority rests with the clients.
5 Class attendance is compulsory. Participation is voluntary.
6 Teacher instructs the students. Teacher teaches & also learns from the clients
7 Teaching is only through instructors. Teaching is also through local leaders.
8 Teaching is mainly vertical. Teaching is mainly horizontal.
9 The teacher has more or less The teacher has a large & heterogeneous
homogeneous audience. audience.
10 It is rigid It is flexible.
11 It is more theoretical. It is more practical & intended for immediate
application in the solution of problems.

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LECTURE :1 By Ms. D.

The first practical steps were taken in 1867-68.

James Stuart is called as the father of “University Extension”

The teaching of extension education at undergraduate level started in the

The first post-graduate teaching was launched in1955, at Bihar Agricultural

Next was the post-graduate programme initiated at the College of Nagpur in

The Ph.D. programme in the discipline of extension was first introduced at

Subsequently, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, followed with

Division of Dairy Extension was established at National Dairy Research

2.According to Rolling (1986), “Extension” refers to the actual work done by

3.“Extension” involves the conscious use of communication of information to

4.Extension is everything that people who think of themselves as extensionists

5.“Extension Education” is the process of teaching rural people how to live

Extension Education is an applied behavioural science, the

Dairy extension education

Dairy Extension Education is the process of educating dairy

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