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    BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE Notes

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    FREDRICK OUNDO
    This document provides an overview of enzymes and biochemical engineering concepts from Lecture 2. It discusses the properties of enzymes, including that they are proteins that function as biological catalysts. It describes the mechanisms of enzyme action, including enzyme-substrate binding and transition state stabilization. It also covers the classification of enzymes into groups like oxidoreductases and hydrolases based on their catalytic behaviors. Finally, it summarizes factors that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, such as temperature, pH, substrate and product concentration, and radiation exposure.

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    BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE Notes

    Uploaded by

    FREDRICK OUNDO
    132 views31 pages
    This document provides an overview of enzymes and biochemical engineering concepts from Lecture 2. It discusses the properties of enzymes, including that they are proteins that function as biological catalysts. It describes the mechanisms of enzyme action, including enzyme-substrate binding and transition state stabilization. It also covers the classification of enzymes into groups like oxidoreductases and hydrolases based on their catalytic behaviors. Finally, it summarizes factors that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, such as temperature, pH, substrate and product concentration, and radiation exposure.

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    This is a detailed study notes in Biochemistry engineering.

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    BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE notes

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    This document provides an overview of enzymes and biochemical engineering concepts from Lecture 2. It discusses the properties of enzymes, including that they are proteins that function as biological catalysts. It describes the mechanisms of enzyme action, including enzyme-substrate binding and transition state stabilization. It also covers the classification of enzymes into groups like oxidoreductases and hydrolases based on their catalytic behaviors. Finally, it summarizes factors that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, such as temperature, pH, substrate and product concentration, and radiation exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    132 views31 pages

    BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE Notes

    Uploaded by

    FREDRICK OUNDO
    This document provides an overview of enzymes and biochemical engineering concepts from Lecture 2. It discusses the properties of enzymes, including that they are proteins that function as biological catalysts. It describes the mechanisms of enzyme action, including enzyme-substrate binding and transition state stabilization. It also covers the classification of enzymes into groups like oxidoreductases and hydrolases based on their catalytic behaviors. Finally, it summarizes factors that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, such as temperature, pH, substrate and product concentration, and radiation exposure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    SCE 3204 Biochemical Engineering

    By
    Kissa R. Alunga
    BIC, Ms Chem eng, CBRNe Specialist

    Lecture 2
    Lecture 1 review

    Properties of
    enzymes:
    • Required in small amounts colloidal
    • Protein in nature but not vice versa,
    • Colloidal in nature and precipitated by salt
    solution
    • Inactivated by heat and alteration of pH
    • Have great specificity
    • Catalyze one particular reaction
    • Bigger molecules than substrates
    • Increase rate of reaction without being
    consumed
    Lecture 1 review

    • Enzymes accelerate reactions


    by lowering free energy of
    activation
    Mechanis • Enzymes do this by binding
    m of the transition state of the
    enzyme reaction better that the
    substrate.
    action • Enzymes increase reaction
    rates by lowering the energy
    of the transition state.
    Lecture 1 review

    • First, binding forms a low energy


    enzyme-substrate complex (ES).
    Mechanis Secondly the enzyme stabilises
    the transition state such that it
    m of requires less energy to achieve
    compared to the uncatalyzed
    enzyme reaction (ES).
    action • Finally the enzyme-product
    complex (EP) dissociates to
    release the products.
    Lecture 1 review
    Mechanism of enzyme
    action
    Classification of enzymes

    Intracellular
    Enzymes; is
    an enzyme that • Qn: Give examples of enzymes which
    functions within the fall in that category?
    cell in which it was
    produced.
    Extracellular
    Enzymes; secreted by • Salivary glands produce amylase
    a cell and an enzyme that breaks
    functions outside of down starch into maltose and glucose.
    that cell; all the • Bacteria and fungi also produce
    digestive enzymes exoenzymes to digest nutrients in
    belongs to this groups their environment.
    e.g;
    Intracellular and intracellular enzymes
    Nomenclature and classification of
    Enzymes

    The names of most of the enzymes end


    with the three letters-ase.
    This is a suffix which is added to the
    name of the substrate on which the
    enzyme acts e.g.,
    • Sucrase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose, the
    name describes the function of the enzyme.
    • Oxidases catalyze oxidation reactions
    Examples
    Substrat
    e Enzymes Products
    Lactose lactase glucose + galactose
    Maltose maltase Glucose
    Cellulose cellulase Glucose
    Lipid lipase Glycerol + fatty acid
    Starch amylase Maltose
    Peptides +
    Protein protease polypeptide
    Classification of Enzymes
    Enzymes
    are • Oxidoreductas
    classified es
    based on • Transeferases
    their • Hydrolases
    catalytic • Lyases
    behavior • Isomerases
    and they • Ligases
    include:
    Classification of Enzymes

    Oxidoreductases;
    • Specifically catalyze the transfer of
    electrons from one molecule (the oxidant)
    to another molecule (the reductant) e.g
    Alcohol dehydrogenase; A– + B → A +
    B– where A is the oxidant and B is the
    reductant.
    • Play an important role in glycolysis.
    (TCA cycle..read and make notes)
    Classification of Enzymes

    Transeferases; catalyzes the transfer of


    functional groups from donor to acceptor
    e.g.
    • Hexokinase this phosphorylates  hexoses (six-
    carbon sugars-glucose-substrate), forming hexose
    phosphate (product)
    Classification of Enzymes

    Transeferases; catalyzes the transfer of


    functional groups from donor to acceptor
    e.g.
    • ATCase catalyses the condensation of l-aspartate
    and carbamoyl phosphate to form N-carbamyl-L-
    aspartate and inorganic phosphate
    Classification of Enzymes

    Isomerases; molecule transformation into


    another with exactly the same atoms, but the
    atoms have a different arrangement
    • i.e. A-B-C → B-A-C
    • e.g. Phosphohexose isomerase that
     interconverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into
    fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)
    Classification of Enzymes
    Ligases; • Enzymes catalyzing
    formatio synthetic reactions
    n of where two molecules
    bonds are joined together and
    ATP is used e.g. DNA
    with ligase is used in
    ATP both DNA
    repair and DNA
    cleavage replication 
    .
    Classification of Enzymes

    Ligases; formation of bonds with ATP


    cleavage.
    • Enzymes catalyzing synthetic reactions where two
    molecules are joined together and ATP is used e.g. DNA
    ligase is used in both DNA repair and genetic engineering 
    KINETICS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS

    Enzymes catalysis: “ It is an increase in the rate


    of reaction with the help of enzyme(as catalyst).”

    Catalysis by enzymes that proceed via unique reaction


    mechanism, typically occurs when the transition state
    intermediate forms a covalent bond with the
    enzyme(covalent catalysis).

    During the process of catalysis enzymes always


    emerge unchanged at the completion of the
    reaction.
    F actors affecting rate of enzyme
    catalyzed reactions are;

    Temperature

    Hydrogen
    ion
    concentratio
    n (pH)
    Substrate
    concentratio
    n
    • Raising the temperature increases
    the rate of enzyme catalyzed
    reaction by increasing kinetic
    energy of reacting molecules.
    • Enzymes work maximum over a
    particular temperature known as
    Effect of optimum temperature. Enzymes
    for humans generally exhibit
    temperature stability temperature up to 35-45
    ᵒC
    Effect of temperature

    • The temperature coefficient, Q10 is


    a measure of the temperature
    sensitivity of an enzymatic reaction
    rate or a physiological process due
    to an increase by 10°C.
    • However some times heat energy
    can also increase kinetic energy to a
    point that exceed the energy barrier
    which results in denaturing of
    enzymes.
    The temperature coefficient, Q10
    • Most Q10 -values are around 2
    Effect of pH

    • Rate of almost all enzymes


    catalyzed reactions depends on
    pH
    • Most enzymes exhibit optimal
    activity at pH value between 5
    and 9
    • High or low pH value than
    optimum value will cause
    ionization of enzyme which
    result in denaturation of enzyme
    Effect of pH
    Effect of pH
    • Concentration of
    Enzyme
    • Contact between
    Other enzyme and substrate
    factors • Radiations
    • Concentration of
    Product
    Concentration of Enzyme
    • As the concentration of the enzyme is increased,
    the velocity of the reaction proportionately
    increases.
    • This is true only when sufficient substrate
    Contact
    between
    enzyme and
    substrate
    For the enzyme activity
    the contact between
    Substrate and enzyme is
    necessary. The type of
    contact also influence the
    enzyme activity.
    Concentration of
    Product
    • If the product are
    accumulated then the
    enzyme activity is
    decreased.
    Radiations
    • X-rays, UV rays, Beta and
    gamma rays produce
    inactivation of enzymes.
    • They act by forming
    peroxides which oxidise the
    enzymes and make them
    inactive.
    THANK YOU

    Any Questions?

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