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2nd Module

Sight distance refers to the distance that is visible to a driver from a specified height above the roadway. There are several types of sight distance, including stopping sight distance (SSD), overtaking sight distance (OSD), and intersection sight distance. SSD is the minimum distance needed for a vehicle to safely stop without collision, accounting for driver reaction time, vehicle speed, braking efficiency, road conditions, and gradient. OSD is the minimum distance needed for a vehicle to safely complete an overtaking maneuver against oncoming traffic. The computation of sight distances depends on factors like reaction time, vehicle speed, braking performance, road friction, and gradient.

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Greeshma B. nair
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30 views40 pages

2nd Module

Sight distance refers to the distance that is visible to a driver from a specified height above the roadway. There are several types of sight distance, including stopping sight distance (SSD), overtaking sight distance (OSD), and intersection sight distance. SSD is the minimum distance needed for a vehicle to safely stop without collision, accounting for driver reaction time, vehicle speed, braking efficiency, road conditions, and gradient. OSD is the minimum distance needed for a vehicle to safely complete an overtaking maneuver against oncoming traffic. The computation of sight distances depends on factors like reaction time, vehicle speed, braking performance, road friction, and gradient.

Uploaded by

Greeshma B. nair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sight distance

The visibility of the road ahead of the driver will


help in the safe and efficient operation of the
vehicles. 
Sight distance & types

The actual distance that is observed


along the road surface which is visible
for a driver from a specified height
above the carriage way is called as the
sight distance at a point. This distance
will let the driver see all the stationary
and the moving objects in front of the
vehicle.
Sight distance & types
• SSD – Stopping Sight Distance or Absolute
Minimum Sight Distance
• OSD – Overtaking Sight Distance
• Safe sight distance for entering into
uncontrolled intersections
Sight distance & types
• Other than these we have:
• Head Light Sight Distance
• ISD – Intermediate Sight Distance: This is twice
the value of SSD
Stopping Sight Distance

• available for the moving the vehicle in the


highway that will enable the driver to stop the
vehicle safely without collision with any other
obstacle.
• The Stopping distance can be defined as the
sum of Lagging distance & the brake distance.
The computation of sight distance depends on:

1. Reaction time of the driver

Reaction time of a driver is the time taken


from the instant the object is visible to the
driver to the instant when the brakes are
applied.

IRC suggests a reaction time of 2.5 secs.


• Speed of the vehicle

• The speed of the vehicle very much


affects the sight distance.
• Higher the speed, more time will be
required to stop the vehicle.
• Hence it is evident that, as the speed
increases, sight distance also increases.
• Efficiency of brakes
• The efficiency of the brakes depends upon the
age of the vehicle, vehicle characteristics etc.
If the brake efficiency is 100%, the vehicle will
stop the moment the brakes are applied.
• But practically, it is not possible to achieve
100% brake efficiency. Therefore the sight
distance required will be more when the
efficiency of brakes are less.
• Frictional resistance between the tyre and the
road
• When the frictional resistance is more, the
vehicles stop immediately.
• This is taken into account along with the factor
of longitudinal friction. IRC has specified the
value of longitudinal friction in between 0.35
to 0.4.
• Gradient of the road.

• Gradient of the road also affects the sight


distance. Gradient of the road. Gradient of the
road also affects the sight distance. While
climbing up a gradient, the vehicle can stop
immediately. Therefore sight distance required
is less. While descending a gradient, gravity
also comes into action and more time will be
required to stop the vehicle. Sight distance
required will be more in this case.
• Lag distance is the distance the vehicle
traveled during the reaction time t and is
given by vt, where v is the velocity in m∕sec2.
• Braking distance is the distance traveled by
the vehicle during braking operation.
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
• If F is the maximum frictional force developed
and the braking distance is l,
• then work done against friction in stopping
the vehicle is 
• Fl = fWl where W is the total weight of the
vehicle. 
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
• The kinetic energy at the design speed is
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
• the SSD = lag distance + braking distance 
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
• When there is an ascending gradient of say +n
%, the component of gravity adds to braking
action and hence braking distance is
decreased. 
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
Overtaking sight distance

• The overtaking sight distance is the minimum


distance open to the vision of the driver of a
vehicle intending to overtake the slow vehicle
ahead safely against the traffic in the opposite
direction. 
• The overtaking sight distance or passing sight
distance is measured along the center line of
the road over which a driver with his eye level
1.2 m above the road surface can see the top
of an object 1.2 m above the road surface.
• The factors that affect the OSD are:
• Velocities of the overtaking vehicle, overtaken
vehicle and of the vehicle coming in the opposite
direction.
• Spacing between vehicles, which in-turn depends
on the speed
• Skill and reaction time of the driver
• Rate of acceleration of overtaking vehicle
• Gradient of the road
• d₁ - Distance covered when we decide to
overtake the slow moving vehicle​
• d₂ - Distance covered during overtaking
operation
• d₃ - Distance travelled by opposing vehicle
(only in undivided road)
• d1 = vbt

• s = 0.7vb + 6
• Let T be the duration of actual overtaking. The
distance traveled by B during the overtaking
operation is 2s + vbT. 

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