Scribd
Upload
409 views17 pages

Separation Processss Lecture Notes

The document introduces five main separation techniques including phase creation, phase addition, barrier separation, solid agent separations, and separation by gradient. Phase creation and phase addition techniques are based on creating or adding a second immiscible phase to separate components, with examples like distillation, extraction, and absorption. These separation processes rely on introducing a thermodynamic driving force to spatially separate components by enhancing the mass transfer rate of some species over others.

Uploaded by

keaty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
409 views17 pages

Separation Processss Lecture Notes

The document introduces five main separation techniques including phase creation, phase addition, barrier separation, solid agent separations, and separation by gradient. Phase creation and phase addition techniques are based on creating or adding a second immiscible phase to separate components, with examples like distillation, extraction, and absorption. These separation processes rely on introducing a thermodynamic driving force to spatially separate components by enhancing the mass transfer rate of some species over others.

Uploaded by

keaty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Introduction to Separation

processes
 There are five separation techniques used in the
separation processes:
1. Phase Creation: Use ESA (heat or depressurize)
2. Phase Addition: Use MSA (add solvent, liquid absorbent)
3. Barrier Separation: Use membrane (semipermeable
membrane)
4. Solid Agent separations: Use particles (reaction,
absorbent film, direct absorption, chromatography)
5. Separation by gradient: Use electric field, magnetic field,
gravity (Hall effect, electrophoresis, mass spec)

ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani


Introduction to Separation
processes

 All five techniques relay on the ability to enhance the rate


of mass transfer of certain species relative to others to
effect a spatial separation of components.

 Thus, all separations processes must introduce a


thermodynamic driving force to overcome the decrease in
the entropy of the system as the components are
separated.

ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani


Introduction to Separation
processes

 Separation by phase creation or addition:


 This technique is based on the creation or addition of second phase
(vapor, liquid or solid) that is immiscible with the feed phase.

Phase 1 Phase 1

Feed
Phase Phase
Feed
Creation Addition

M.S.A

Phase 2 Phase 2

(E.S.A) (M.S.A)

ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani


Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition

 If the feed mixture is a homogeneous, single-phase


solution (gas, liquid or solid), second immiscible phase
must be created or added before separation of chemical
species can be achieved.

 The second phase is created by an energy-separating


agent (ESA) or added a mass-separating agent (MSA).

 (MSA) → (add solvent, liquid absorbent)

 (ESA) → Heat added or heat removed

 Other separating agent such as pressure reduction and


work transfer.
ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
 Separations that use an (ESA) are generally preferred, an
(MSA) can make possible a separation that is not feasible
with an (ESA).

 Disadvantages of the use of an MSA are:


1. Need for an additional separator to recover the
MSA for recycle.
2. Need for MSA makeup.
3. Possible contamination of the product with the
MSA.
4. More difficult design procedures.
ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition

 When two immiscible fluid phases are contacted, intimate


mixing of the two phases is important in enhancing mass
transfer rates so that the thermodynamic-maximum degree-
of-partitioning of species can be approached more rapidly.

 After phase contact, the separation operation is completed


by employing gravity and/or an enhanced technique, such
as centrifugal force, to disengage the two phases.

ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani


Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
1. Partial condensation or vaporization:
( When the feed mixture includes species that differ
widely in their tendency to vaporize and condense)
Initial or feed phase
Vapor vapor or Liquid

Created phase
Liq.
vapor or Liquid
Or vap.
Cooling
or heating Separating Agent
Heat transfer
(ESA)

liquid

e.g : Recovery of H2 and N2 from NH3 by partial condensation and


high pressure phase separation.
ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
2. Flash vaporization
( By reducing the pressure of the feed with a valve)
Initial or feed phase
Liquid
vapor

Created phase
vapor
Liquid Drum
pressure
reduction Separating Agent
Pressure reduction

liquid

e.g : Recovery of water from sea water (Desalination).

ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani


Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
3. Distillation
(When volatility differences Initial or feed phase
among species in the feed are Vapor and / or Liquid
not sufficiently large)
L
Created phase
Vapor and liquid

V/L Separating Agent


Heat transfer (ESA)

e.g : Purification of styrene.


ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
4. Extractive Distillation
(When volatility differences Initial or feed phase
between species to be separated
Vapor and/or liquid
are so small as to necessitate more
than about 100 trays in a distillation
operation) Created phase
MSA
L Vapor and liquid

Separating Agent
V/L
Liquid solvent
(MSA) and heat
transfer (ESA)

e.g : Separation of acetone and methanol.


ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
5. Liquid – liquid extraction Initial or feed phase
(when distillation is impractical, L
liquid
especially when the mixture to be
separated is temperature-sensitive
and/or more than about 100 MSA Created phase
distillation stages would be
required) liquid

(One solvent or two solvents) Separating Agent


Liquid solvent
(MSA)
L

e.g : Recovery of aromatics.

ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani


Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
6. Absorption V Initial or feed phase
(If the feed is all vapor and Vapor
the stripping section of the
column is not needed to MSA
achieve the desired Created phase
separation) liquid

Separating Agent
Liquid absorbent
(MSA)

V
L

e.g : Separation of CO2 from combustion products by absorption with


aqueous solutions of an ethanolamine.
ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition

7. Drying Initial or feed phase


(involves removal of a liquid from a solid
Liquid and often solid
by vaporization of the liquid)

Created phase
vapor

Phase created (MSA) + (MSA) Separating Agent


V V Gas (MSA) and or/ heat
(hot gas) transfer (ESA)

L/S S
Feed

e.g : Removal of water from polyvinylchloride with hot air in a fluid-bed


dryer.
ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Basic Description of operations

8. Stripping
V
Initial or feed phase
(A liquid mixture is separated,
generally at elevated temperature liquid
and ambient pressure, by contacting
liquid feed with a stripping agent) L Created phase
vapor

Separating Agent
Stripping vapor
(MSA)
MSA

L
e.g : Stream stripping of naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil side cuts from
crude distillation unit to remove light ends.
ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
9. Reflux stripping (steam distillation)
(If contacting trays are also needed
Initial or feed phase
above the feed tray in order to achieve
the desired separation) Vapor and/ or liquid
L/V

Created phase
Vapor and liquid
MSA
V/L
Separating Agent
Stripping vapor (MSA)
MSA and heat transfer (ESA)

e.g : Separation of products from delayed coking.


ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Separation by Phase Creation
or Addition
10.Re-Boiled stripping V
Initial or feed phase
(If the bottoms product from a liquid
stripper is thermally stable, it may L
be reboiled without using an MSA)
Created phase
vapor

Separating Agent
Heat transfer
(ESA)

e.g : Recovery of amine absorbent.

ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

You might also like