Building Services II:

Unit I
Solid Waste Management (SWM):

AR. PREETI PAWAR – KALE

D.Y. Patil College Of Architecture, Akurdi, Pune
 Overview of topic
• What is waste and what are the types of waste??
• What is Solid Waste??
• Need of Solid waste management.
• Importance of solid waste management.
• Psychology & Waste Generated

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 Psychology & Waste Generated

Same object can be identified differently by unconscious mind of individual persons

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What is waste and what are the types of waste??

• Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for,
which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded.
• Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or
processor.
• Types of waste on the basis of their physical states are Solid
waste ,Liquid waste, Gaseous waste.
• On the basis of Bio-degradability -Biodegradable wastes & Non–
Biodegradable wastes
• On basis on effects on human health -Hazardous waste & Non –
hazardous waste

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 What is Solid Waste?
• Solid waste also known as Refuse or Garbage.
• It’s a waste arising from human & animal activities.
• It include both organic and inorganic waste.
• Decomposing or non-decomposing
• Garbage, ashes, sweepings from streets or public
areas, dead animals and similarly solid waste from
market and industries.

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 Need of Solid Waste Management

• Water contamination of groundwater due to

• Solid waste dumped in an
indiscriminate throwing of solid waste into a well
open drain

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 Need of Solid Waste Management

• Water contamination of groundwater due to

• Waste on a tree
indiscriminate throwing of solid waste into a well

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Need of Solid Waste Management

• Impacts due to improper solid waste management

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Need of Solid Waste Management

• Addition of new waste components over time

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Waste Management in Post Industrialization Era

• The first human made plastic was

• White goods have increased
invented in 1855 which now
makes more than 10 % of solid many folds in the present century
waste in most of the urban area
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throughout the world
Waste Management in Post Industrialization Era

• Affluence has resulted in ‘use

and through’ culture

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 Table content :
Legislations in various countries

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 The basic objective of Refuse Sanitation is:

• To ensure better sanitary environment for the community

• To promote general health and controlling air and land / soil pollution and
degradation of community.
• To ensure proper and systematic collection of all solid waste and its safe
and clean removal and transportation.
• To ensure safe and clean disposal with minimum possible nuisance and risk
to public health.
• Solid waste classification:
Organic Matters
Inorganic Matters
• Above two classified it in :
1. Municipal Solid Waste
2. Industrial Solid Waste
3. Hazardous Solid Waste

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• Classification of Material Comprising Municipal Solid Waste:
• Garbage: The animal, fruit or vegetable residues resulting from
handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods. Because food
waste are putrescible, they decompose rapidly, especially in warm
weather.
• Rubbish: Combustible and noncombustible solid wastes, excluding
food wastes or other putrescible material. Typically, combustible
rubbish consists of material such as paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and garden trimmings.
Non combustible material consists of glass, crockery, tin cans,
aluminum cans, ferrous and non ferrous metals, dirt and
construction wastes.
• Ashes and Residues: Material remaining from the burning of wood,
coal, coke, and other combustible wastes. Ashes and residues are
normally composed of fine powdery materials, cinders, clinkers,
and small amount of burned and partially burned materials.

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• Demolition and Construction Wastes: Wastes from
razed buildings and other structures are classified as
demolition wastes. Wastes from the construction,
remolding, and repairing of residential, commercial,
and industrial buildings and similar structures are
classified as construction wastes. These wastes may
include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks.
• Special Wastes: Wastes such as street sweepings,
roadside litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals,
abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.
• Treatment Plant Wastes: The solid and semisolid
wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial-waste
treatment facilities are included in the classification.

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SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN TABULAR FORMAT

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SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN TABULAR FORMAT

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SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN TABULAR FORMAT

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 1. Municipal Solid Waste
• Waste arising from household
waste, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation
residue, waste from streets:
• With rising urbanization and
change in life style and food
habits, the amount of
municipal solid waste has
been increasing rapidly & its
composition changing.

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 2. Industrial Waste
• Waste arising from industrial activities,
operations, processes etc. they are
classified into 3 types:
• Extractive such as Mining, Quarrying
etc.
• Basic industries which includes – Metal,
chemicals, papers, glass , textiles and
plastics manufacturing.
• Conversion & fabrication: are those
types of Industries which convert
materials produced by first two types
for consumers use of consumption.
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 3.Hazardous Waste:
• Hazardous waste is that waste which has
substantial danger immediately or over period
of time to human, plant and animal life.
• Includes materials such as radioactive matters,
chemicals, biological waste and all such
materials which are highly inflammable &
explosive.
• A wastes is classified as hazardous waste if it
exhibits any of the following characteristics:
Ignitability, Corrosively , Reactivity, Toxicity.
• In the past, hazardous wastes were often
grouped into the following categories:
Radioactive Wastes ,Chemicals, Biological
Wastes, Flammable wastes , Explosives.
• The chemical category include wastes that are
corrosive, reactivity, or toxic. The principal
source of hazardous biological wastes are
hospitals and biological facilities. Ar. Preeti Kale
 Management Policies for waste
management

• Material flow and consumption pattern in society

• Possible ways and means to reduce raw material usage
• Possible ways and means to overall reduce the
quantity of solid waste by reuse, recycling, recovery
• Possible ways and mean of energy recovery.
• Appropriate options to effectively manage handling,
transportation and disposal of waste on day to day
basis.
• Gradation at source
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 Solid Waste Management

• The solid waste management has the following

components:
• Identification of waste and its minimization at
the source – Waste generation
• Collection, segregation and storage at the site
of collection
• Transportation or Transfer
• Treatment or Onsite handling or storage
• Processing & Energy recovery
• Disposal

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Solid Waste Management

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 Identification of Waste and its Minimization at
the Source
• In early slide mentioned methods can be adopted on a large scale also, but for
that the waste is firstly collected, transported and than utilized. This incurs a large
cost.
• So it is always preferable that if the waste production is minimized or the waste is
reused, recycled at the source itself.
• Thus, the waste minimization is achieved through careful planning, changing
attitude, sometimes special investments, and most important is a real
commitment.
• The self motivated willing reduction of waste is generally not possible, so strict
enforcement of the law should be there. The waste reduction and reuse, recycling
should be given incentives from the government in the form of tax reduction and
loans

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 Factors of Municipal Waste
Generation

• Geographical location
• Season of the year (weather conditions) – social , cultural and economical
character of population.
• Use of kitchen waste
• Extend of salvaging , recycling
• Public attitude
• Collection frequency
• Consumption pattern (living standards)
• Legislation and its enforcement

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Various stages of solid waste management

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 Collection, Segregation and
Storage at the Site of Collection
• The main problem of solid waste management is
the collection of solid waste.
• The household waste consists of all types of
general waste. At present there is no scientific,
clean, hygienic, efficient practice of waste
collection in most of the cities of India including
the metro cities.
• The industrial waste is also handled in the same
way. The collection and storage of waste is the
most neglected operation in any industry.
• The collection and storage of solid waste as a good
& hygienic practice should be stores in containers
called as Bins – Dust bins or Refuse chambers.
• Refuse Chambers – which are provided at
neighborhood community level are usually located
along street. These community bins can be made
up of non corrosive materials or constructed out of
Brick masonry or R.C.C
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• The best way would have been the segregation of waste at the
generation point.
• Segregation means collecting it in different bins, or plastic bags. The
domestic waste can be broadly separated as reusable (paper, plastic,
metal etc.), and non reusable.
• The non reusable may have organic matter like kitchen waste or
inorganic matter like dust, dirt etc.
• The organic matter is liable to decomposition (putrescible) and thus
requires immediate attention. This separated waste should be
regularly collected by the worker directly from the houses at some
well defined time.
• Then it should be transported in (covered vehicles)to some waste
collection depots for utilization/transportation to different sites.
• The organic waste can be used for the production of biogas or for the
extraction of energy, incineration (controlled burning or making
organic compost, and vermi-composting.
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 Collection of Solid
Waste Management

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Collection of Solid Waste Management

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• Single Bin Collection System: In case separation
is not planned single container (Bin) may be
used for solid waste storage both at first level
as well as second level of collection and
storage.
• Double Bin Collection System: In double bin
one of the two bins may be used for storing
garbage and the second one for waste other
than garbage.
• Three Bin Collection System : Garbage , rubbish
and all other waste materials.
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 Transportation of Solid Waste
• The waste is transported from the storage depots to the disposal sites in
tractor trollies or ill designed open trucks.
• Though it has been instructed by the law that the transportation must be
done in closed containers only.
• The industrial waste must be transported separately and must be
disposed in a safe way after suitable treatment.
• Any type of the Hazardous waste should be labeled and coded so that in
case of an accident the emergency services know how to handle a spillage.

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 Treatment of Solid Waste
• The waste has to be treated before disposal for the protection of environment.
• In the treatment the biodegradable waste can be processed by composting, vermi-
composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for
stabilization of waste.
• In any case the solid waste should be reduced in quantity at the source, segregated,
then carefully transported and the economically treated before the final disposal.

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Treatment of Solid Waste
• Advanced
approach for
solid waste
management is
based on the
principle of
“waste
hierarchy”.
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 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal
and Management
LANDFILLING:
Once solid waste is transported off site it is
normally taken to a landfill site.
Here the waste is placed in a large
excavation (pit or trench) in the ground,
which is back – filled with excavated soil
each day waste is tipped. Ideally , about
0.5m of soil should cover the deposited
refuse at the end of each day to prevent
animals from digging up the waste and flies
from breeding . Site should be away from
habitation zone and preferably fenced.
It can managed effectively only we required
larger area compare with other methods.

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2. DUMPING IN TO SEA:
• Possible only in coastal cities. Refuse shall be taken in barges sufficiently far
away from the coast (15-30 km) and dumped there Very costly
• Not environment friendly.
3. SANITARY LANDFILLING OF SOLID WASTES:
Simple, cheap, and effective .A deep trench (3 to 5 m) is excavated .Refuse is laid
in layers
• Layers are compacted with some mechanical equipment and covered with
earth, leveled, and compacted . With time, the fill would settle
• Microorganisms act on the organic matter and degrade them
• Decomposition is similar to that in composting
• Facultative bacteria hydrolyze complex organic matter into simpler water
soluble organics
• These diffuse through the soil where fungi and other bacteria convert them to
carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions
• Aerobic methanogenic bacteria utilize the methane generated and the rest
diffuses into the atmosphere
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• Too much refuse shall not be buried – fire hazard
• Moisture content – not less than 60% for good biodegradation
• Refuse depth more than 3m – danger of combustion due to compression of
bottom layers – hence should be avoided
• Refuse depth is generally limited to 2m
• Temperature in the initial stages of decomposition – as high as 70 degree C –
then drops
• Reclaimed areas may be used for other uses
04. INCINERATION OF SOLID WASTE:
• A method suited for combustible refuse where refuse is burnt.
• Suited in crowded cities where sites for land filling are not available
• High construction and operation costs
• Sometimes used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling
• Primary chamber – designed to facilitate rapid desiccation of moist refuse
and complete combustion of refuse and volatile gases
• A ledge or drying hearth is provided for this purpose
• Secondary chamber – between the primary chamber and the stack –
temperatures above 700 degree C . All unburnt and semi burnt material are
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05. GASIFICATION AND PYROLYSIS:
• Done by decomposing organic waste materials by exposing waste to low
amounts of oxygen and very high temperature.
• Pyrolysis uses absolutely no oxygen
• Gasification allows a very low amount of oxygen in the process
06. ANIMAL FEEDING:
• This method is not popular in India.
• Raw feeding of garbage proves to be responsible of certain types of dieses in
animals.
• To destroy diseases causing bacteria the garbage is heated up to 100 degree
C for about 30 min. and then used as animal feed.
07. Salvaging
• Salvaging is saving of waste material for utilization.
• This word also means to recover or save.
• It’s a most economical and sustainable method. Materials like paper, metal,
glass, rags, certain types of plastic etc. can be salvaged, recycled, and reused

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07. Waste to Energy Combustors
• Incinerators – Refuse was burned without recovering energy – exhaust gas is very
hot – exceeds the acceptable inlet temperature for electrostatic precipitators
used for particulate emission control
• Modern combustors – combine solid waste combustion with energy recovery
• Combustors for Solid Waste
• Storage pit – for storing and sorting incoming refuse
• Crane – for charging the combustion box
• Combustion chamber consisting of bottom grates on which combustion occurs
• Grates on which refuse moves
• Heat recovery system of pipes in which water is turned to steam
• Ash handling systems
• Air pollution control systems
• Grates – Provide turbulence so that the MSW can be thoroughly burned, moves
the refuse down, provides under fire air to the refuse through openings in it (to
assist in combustion as well as to cool the grates)
• Operating temperature of combustors ~ 980 to 1090 degree C

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 A typical MSW Combustor

Grates of MSW combustor. The

under fire air is blown through the
holes in the drawings show three
types grates. (b) reciprocating (c)
rocking (d)travelling

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08. Composting / Biological Digestion
The process of decomposition of organic waste is known as ‘Composting’.
Though its an organic process the organic waste is covered into harmless compound
humus, which is rich in nitrogen content hence has high fertilizing properties.
This is one of the popular refuse disposal method .
• Methods
• Open window composting
• Mechanical composting
Open windrow composting
• Large materials like broken glass, stone, plastic articles are removed.
• Remaining solid wastes is dumped on ground in form of piles of 0.6 – 1m height. The
width & length of piles are kept 1- 2 m & 6m respectively.
• Moisture content maintained at 60%.
• Temperature increases in side pile.
• After pile for turned for cooling and aeration to avoid anaerobic decomposition.
• The complete process may take 4 – 6 weeks.

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• Mechanical composting
• Process of stabilization is expedited by mechanical devices of turning the compost
• Compost is stabilized in about 1 to 2 weeks
• To enrich compost – night soil, cow dung etc. are added to the refuse
• Usually done in compost pits
• Arrangements for draining of excess moisture are provided at the base of the pit
• At the bottom of the pit, a layer of ash, ground limestone, or loamy soil is placed – to
neutralize acidity in the compost material and providing an alkaline medium for
microorganisms
• The pit is filled by alternate layers of refuse (laid in layers of depth 30 – 40 cm) and
night soil or cow dung (laid over it in a thin layer)
• Material is turned every 5 days or so
• After ~ 30 days – it is ready for use

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• Difference between Indore Method & Bangalore Method:

Indore method Bangalore method

aerobic – brick pits 3 x 3 x 1 m – up anaerobic – earthen trenches 10 x
to 8-12 weeks materials are turned 1.5 x 1.5 m – left for
regularly in the pits and then kept decomposition – takes 4 to 5
on ground for about 4-6 weeks – 6 months
to 8 turnings in total

Aerobes – which decompose Which decompose organic matter

organic matter in presence of in absence of oxygen
oxygen.
This method was made at Indore in This method was developed by
India by Howard in mid -1920s. Acharya (1939)in IIS , banglore.

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• IN THE INDORE METHOD OF COMPOSTING:
• Organic wastes are spread in the cattle shed to serve as bedding.
• Urine soaked material along with dung is removed every day and formed
into a layer of about 15 cm thick at suitable sites.
• Urine soaked earth, scraped from cattle sheds is mixed with water and
sprinkled over the layer of wastes twice or thrice a day.
• Layering process continued for about a fortnight. A thin layer of well
decomposed compost is sprinkled over top and the heap given a turning
and reformed.
• Old compost acts as inoculum for decomposing the material.
• The heap is left undisturbed for about a month. Then it is thoroughly
moistened and given a turning. The compost is ready for application in
another month.
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 Method of filling the composting pits

Raw Materials : Mix plant residues, weeds, sugarcane leaves, grass, wood ashes, bran etc.
Animal dung, wood ashes, water, urine soaked mud.

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Method of filling the composting pits

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Method of filling the composting pits

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In the Bangalore method:
• Dry waste material of 25 cm thick is spread in a pit
and a thick suspension of cow dung in water is
sprinkled over for moistening.
• A thin layer of dry waste is laid over the moistened
layer.
• The pit is filled alternately with dry layers of material
and cow dung suspension till it rises 0.5 m above
ground level.
• It is left exposed without covering for 15 days. It is
given a turning, plastered with wet mud and left
undisturbed for about 5 months or till required.

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 Vermicomposting
• Vermicomposting is a process that relies
on earthworms and microorganisms to
help stabilize active organic materials and
convert them to a valuable soil
amendment and source of plant nutrients.
• Earthworms will consume most organic
materials, including food preparation
residuals and leftovers, scrap paper, animal
manure, agricultural crop residues, organic
byproducts from industries, and yard
trimmings.

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 Importance of Vermicomposting
• Instead of disposing of food scraps, yard wastes, and other
organics, the materials can be vermicomposted.
• This method of recycling converts organic materials that have
traditionally been viewed as waste into a valuable soil
amendment for plants and crops.
• When vermicomposting is added to soil, it boosts the nutrients
available to plants and enhances soil structure and drainage.
• Vermicomposting has also been shown to increase plant
growth and suppress plant disease and insect pest attacks.

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 Advantages of Vermicomposting
• Vermicompost is rich in all essential plant nutrients.
• Provides excellent effect on overall plant growth, encourages the growth of
new Shoots / leaves and improves the quality and shelf life of the produce.
• Vermicompost is free flowing, easy to apply, handle and store and does not
have bad odor.
• It improves soil structure, texture, aeration, and water holding capacity and
prevents soil erosion.
• Vermicompost is rich in beneficial micro flora such as , P- solubilizes,
cellulose decomposing micro-flora etc in addition to improve soil
environment.
• Vermicompost contains earthworm cocoons and increases the population
and activity of earthworm in the soil.
• Vermicompost minimizes the incidence of pest and diseases.
• It enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil.

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Bed Vermicomposting Pit Vermi Composting

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Refuse Chutes
A refuse chute is an inclined
channel in which refuse can be
passed down from the opening of
each floor to the central refuse
room on the ground floor of a
building (called a Refuse Storage
Chamber in buildings built before
November 1, 2000, and a Refuse
Storage and Material Recovery
Chamber in those built later).

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 Refuse Chute System
• Refuse chute system is a convenient and safe mode of
transportation and collection of domestic solid waste from
buildings exceeding 5 floors from at different heights.
• The refuse is received from the successive floor through the
inlets located on the vertical system of pipes that convey refuse
through it and discharge it in to the collecting chamber, located
at ground level, from where the refuse is cleared at suitable
intervals.
• The system has got four functionally important components, viz.
the chutes, the inlet hopper, the collection chamber& the
cleaning & disinfecting arrangements.

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• The chute may be carried through service shafts meant for carrying
drainage pipes. However, the location shall be mostly determined by the
position of the inlet hopper and the collecting chamber that is most
convenient for the user.
• It should also be considered to locate the chute away from living rooms in
order to avoid noise and smell nuisance.
• The internal diameter of the chute shall be atleast 300mm.
• The individual chute system the inlet hopper shalll be located in the
passage near the kitchen and in the common chute system towards the
end of the common passage.
• Natural ventilation should be adequate to prevent any possible odor
nuisance.
• There should be adequate lighting at this location.
• For ground floor, the inlet hoppers may be placed at a higher level, but
should be easily accessible.
• The access to the refuse chute shall be provided from well ventilated and
well illuminated common corridor or lobby and preferably it should not
be located opposite or adjacent Ar.toPreeti
entryKale of individual flat or lifts.
 Opening for feeding of Refuse Chute
• Opening with top or bottom hinged shutters with
appropriate lockable latch, shall be provided for
convenient accessing of the refuse chute by users.
• It facilitates total building garbage collection at
one single point and provides separate collection
for dry and wet garbage.

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 Question Bank
• What is solid waste management?
• Explain all methods in detail of solid waste disposal at town level.
• Write in detail any one from following:
1. BIO- Medical Waste Management Rules.
2. Plastic waste management Rules.
3. Construction and Demolition waste management
4. E waste Management

• Write a short note on:

• Refuse Chutes
• Classification of Municipal Solid Waste
• Vermicomposting for a residential building

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