Design of Digital Controller for Switch

Mode Power supply

Presented by
Santwana kumari SO/C

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 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

 Basics of Switch Mode Power Supply

 Design of Analog Controller
 Design of Digital Controller
 Simulation Results
 Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION TO POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a system which converts electrical power available in the form of utility
mains to another desired form or level of voltage and current according to the load
requirements.
Linear Mode Power Supply Switch Mode Power Supply

PSU that dissipates excess power in series PSU which uses duty cycle to regulate
pass element to regulate the output voltage. output voltage.
-It only step down ( output regulated voltage -Step down as well as step up
is always less from input dc voltage) - High power density
- Low power density due to large heat sink - High efficiency
and low frequency filter - Complexity high
-Low efficiency
- Switching loss α fs
-Complexity low
- EMI

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 Brief Description of Buck Converter
• The circuit is operating in steady state
• Converter is in CCM
• Cap is large enough to assume
constant o/p voltage
• All components are ideal
Switch ON Switch OFF

ΔiL is generally chosen as 10-30% of Load

current
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5
 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

 Basics of Switch Mode Power Supply

 Design of Analog Controller

 Design of Digital Controller

 Simulation Results

 Conclusion

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 Introduction to SMPS
-To stabilize o/p voltage under varying load
and line condition, temperature change
and ageing negative voltage feedback
control system is used.
- A set reference voltage is compared with
the fraction of the o/p voltage.

- Compensated error amplifier produces control voltage (based on some control logic)
which is used by the PWM controller to adjust the duty cycle of the switch.
- Assuming input voltage to the DC-DC converter is pure DC, closed loop transfer
function is given by

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 Closed loop feedback control
Tc(s) Tm(s) Tp(s)
Vref Ve(s)
+ Vc(s) • Power Vo
• ∑ • PWM D(s)
_ • Controller • Converter +
• controller
• Output filter
Vfb
K=Vfb/Vo

- Total gain around the feedback loop, Open Loop Gain, T(s)

- Open loop gain T(s) determines how much output error results from a disturbance
introduced at any point in the loop with feedback system.

Closed loop gain

- Bode plot is used for the calculation of open loop gain of the system and to find out
the transfer function of the controller.

- Frequency response analysis of the system for the desired performance of the system
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 TRANSFER FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS OF LOOP
PWM CONTROLLER
- Transfer function is frequency independent
- Duty cycle D is controlled by the Vc , control
voltage (difference of feedback and reference
voltage)
- Transfer function

OUTPUT FILTER
-Simple LC filter terminated with Load resistance
- Averaging function on the pulsating DC to get pure DC
output

CONTROLLER
- Transfer function of the controller To be determined 9
 Frequency Response of analog controller
-System parameter for the design:
Vin =27 V, Vout= 20V , Iout=20A, fsw=20kHz, PM=29.2 deg
BW= 3kHz
L = (0.14mH + 1mohm), C= (68u F+ 1mohm)
K=0.1, D=0.74

-Open loop bode plot has very small PM

and also the gain at lower frequency is very
small

- A controller is designed in MATLAB sisotool

by keeping BW=2kHZ and PM > 45deg with
BW =2kHzdeg
PM=71.2
settling time < 1msec PM=60.4
BW=deg
2kHz

-The controller transfer function

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 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

 Basics of Switch Mode Power Supply

 Design of Analog Controller
 Design of Digital Controller
 Simulation Results
 Conclusion

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 Digital controller
Design of digital controller is the process of choosing difference equation or equivalent
z-domain transfer function of the controller for desired performance of the close loop
feedback system.

 Direct Design Method

Plant is first converted into z-domain

using ZOH and controller is design for
this discrete plant.

 Emulation Method
Ignoring the effect of ZOH and sampler
suitable controller is designed in s-domain
for the converter and controller is
transformed into z-domain.

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Z – TRANSFORMATION

Backward Difference

Numerical Integration
 Back ward difference
Forward Difference
 Forward Difference
 Bilinear Transformation
Pole Zero Method
 Hold Equivalence
Bilinear Transformation
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14
 DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROLLER

-The sampling process of ADC is represented by an ideal sampler with time period of
sampling equal to switching frequency
- Error signal is generated by the sampled feedback signal and the reference signal
- Controller is designed in such a way that feedback voltage always track reference.
- computation delay is the time delay between ADC sampling instant and the PWM duty
ratio update Where Td = 0.5Ts
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 Effects of Delays on controller transfer function

-On chip ADC and PWM together act as ZOH

( Zero Order Hold)
-It introduces a delay of Ts/2 between
sampled signal and reconstructed signal
- The discrete-time transfer function Tp(z) of
the converter plant, including the ZOH, the
sampler, the voltage feedback factor K and
the computation delay model Tdly (s)

- Digital controller is designed for the discrete converter

- The poles and zeros of the digital controllers are located directly in z-plane,
resulting in a better load transient response, as well as better phase margin and
bandwidth for the closed loop power converter
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- Controller transfer function from MATLAB sisotool

- In z-domain ,from w-domain

- Taking inverse z-transformation

-Terms with(n) denotes current sample, (n-1) one previous sample value , (n-2) represents two
delayed sample value
- The equation is implemented in digital controller software to update duty cycle of the PWM
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 Scope of implementation of Digital
controller on DSP

Digital controller TMS320f28335

Controller is designed to make

feedback voltage track the Vref

The digitized output of the controller

provides the duty cycle command U(n)
for the buck regulator switch.

On-chip PWM module uses this

value to generate PWM output, that
finally drives the buck converter
switch.

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 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

 Basics of Switch Mode Power Supply

 Design of Analog Controller
 Design of Digital Controller
 Simulation Results
 Conclusion

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MODELING OF BUCK CONVERTER

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 SIMULATION RESULT

Analog Controller Direct Design

Bilinear Transformation Pole Zero Method 21

Analog controller Vs. digital controller

Analog controller
 Simple to use and understand
 Dedicated design
 No numerical problem(rounding or truncation) as ADC is not used
 Multiple ICs are used for control
 Additional microcontroller for supervision
 Hardwired
 Effect of aging

Digital controller

 Software programmable
 Flexibility of modification in design
 Eliminates components
 Immunity from environmental effect and components tolerance
 Speed of A/D converter and computation delay of digital signal
processor

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 CONCLUSION
 Buck converter with both analog and digital control system is designed.

 Various method of Discritizing from continuouse domain is discussed.

 Design of digital controller with two approach Indirect/emulation method and

Direct method.

 Indirect method is the redesign of controller from continuouse domain to discrete

domain using one of the transformation method (bilinear Transformation)

 Direct design of the controller including the effect of delay due to computation
and sampling and hold .

 Comparison of analog controller with digital controller

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References:
1. P.R.K. Chetty” switch mode power supply”.
2. Ned Mohan, Tore M.Undeland and william P.Robbins “Power
Electronics converters application design”.
3. Oppenheim and Schafer, “Digital Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall,
4. Nagrath ,Gopal”control system engineering” fourth edition.
5. Kuo, Benjamin C. “Digital Control System”-1980
6. Donald A. Pierre a,., John W. Pierre b ”Digital controller design -
Alternative emulation approaches”.
7. Aleksandar Prodic, Dragan Maksimovic and Robert W. Erickson
“Design and Implementation of a Digital PWM Controller for a
High-Frequency Switching DC-DC Power Converter”, The 27th.
Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.
8. Data sheet of TMS320F28335 Digital signal controller.
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_control
11. http://www.engin.umich.edu/group/ctm/digital/digital.html
12. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_4.html

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THANK YOU

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