Tensile Testing of Metallic

Materials

Presentation by
R V Tambad
Sr Engineer
Fie Research Institute

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 Tensile Testing of Metallic
Materials

Applicable Standards:
IS 1608(Part1)-2018
ISO 6892-1:2019
ASTM E8/8M-21

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 Tensile Testing of Metallic
Materials

IS 1608 (Part1)-2018

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 Tensile Testing of Metallic
Materials
Why are Metals Tested
•Ensure quality
•Test properties
•Prevent failure in use
•Make informed choices in using material

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Materials
Following properties of metals can be
determined by Tensile Testing

•STRENGTH
•DUCTILITY
•ELASTICITY
•STIFFNESS
•MALLEABILTY
•MODULUS of TOUGHNESS
•MODULUS of RESILIENCE

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 Tensile Testing of Metallic
Materials
A machine which applies a
tensile force (a force applied
in opposite directions) to the
specimen, and then measures
that force and also the
elongation
The machine shown here is
Hydraulic type.

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Materials
A machine which applies a
tensile force (a force applied
in opposite directions) to the
specimen, and then measures
that force and also the
elongation
The machine shown here is
Electromechanical type.

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Materials
Tensile Test Principle-
The test involves straining a test piece by tensile force,
generally to fracture, for the determination of one or more
properties of metals such as:
•STRENGTH
•DUCTILITY
•ELASTICITY
•STIFFNESS
•MALLEABILTY
•MODULUS of TOUGHNESS
•MODULUS of RESILIENCE

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Materials
The test shall be carried out at room temperature between 10
oc and 35 °C, unless otherwise specified.
For laboratory environments outside the stated requirement, it
is the responsibility of the testing laboratory to assess the
impact on testing and or calibration data produced with and for
testing machines operated in such environments.

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When testing and calibration activities are performed outside the
recommended temperature limits of 10 and 35 °C, the temperature
shall be recorded and reported. If significant temperature gradients
are present during testing and or calibration, measurement
uncertainty may increase and out of tolerance conditions may
occur.

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Materials
Test Specimens:

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Materials
The test piece is usually obtained by machining a sample
from the product or a pressed blank or casting.
However, products of uniform cross-section (sections, bars,
wires. etc.) and also as-cast test pieces (i.e.for cast iron and
non-ferrous alloys) may be tested without being machined.

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Materials

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Materials

Preparation of Test Pieces

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Materials
Determination of original cross sectional area.
The relevant dimensions of the test piece should
be measured at sufficient cross-sections
perpendicular to t he longitudinal axis In the
central region of the parallel length of the test
piece.
A minimum of three cross-sections is
recommended.

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Materials

All measuring devices used for the determination of

the original cross-sectional area shall be calibrated to
the appropriate reference standards with traceability to
a National Measurement System.

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Materials

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Materials
Original gauge length and extensometer gauge length
Preferred test pieces have a direct relationship between the
original gauge length, L0 , and the original cross-sectional
area, S0 , expressed by the formula
L0 = k√ S0
where k is a coefficient of proportionality,
and are called proportional test pieces.

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Materials
The internationally adopted value for k is 5,65

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Materials

Marking the original gauge length

For the manual determination of the elongation after fracture

A. each end of the original gauge length L0 , shall be marked
by means of fine marks, scribed lines, or punch marks.
The original gauge length shall be marked to an accuracy of
l %.

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Materials

For proportional test pieces, the calculated value of the original

gauge length may be rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 mm.
provided that the difference between the calculated and marked
gauge length is less than 10 % of Lo.

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Choice of the extensometer gauge length
For measurement of yield and proof strength parameters, Le
(Extensometer Gauge Length) should span as much of the parallel
length of the test piece as possible. Ideally, as a minimum, Le
should be greater than 0.5L0 but less than approximately 0,9Lc .
This should ensure that the extensometer detect; all yielding events
that occur in the test piece.
Further, for measurement of parameters "at" or "after reaching"
maximum force,
Le should be approximately equal to L0.

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Accuracy of testing apparatus:
The force-measuring System of the testing machine shall be in
accordance with ISO 7500-1 Class 1or better.
For the determination of proof strength (plastic or total
extension), the extensometer used shall be in accordance with
ISO 9513, class 1 or better, in the relevant range.

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Conditions of testing
Setting the force zero point
The force-measuring system shall be set to zero before the test
piece is actually gripped at both ends.
Once the force zero point has been set, the force measuring
system shall not be changed in any way during the test.

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Method of gripping
The test pieces shall be gripped by suitable means, such as
wedges, screwed grips, parallel jaw faces, or shouldered
holders
Every endeavor should be made to ensure that test pieces are
held in such a way that the force is applied axially in order to
minimize bending.

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Testing rates:
Testing rate based on strain rate (method A)
Testing rate based on stress rate (method B)

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Materials
Method A
Method A is intended to minimize the variation of the test rates
during the moment when strain rate sensitive parameters are
determined and to minimize the measurement uncertainty of the
test results.

1.Close loop- feedback from extensometer

2.Open loop- crosshead separation rate

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The testing rate shall conform to the following requirements.
a)Unless otherwise specified, any convenient speed of testing may be
used up to a stress equivalent to half of the expected yield strength.
b)Above this range and for the determination of yield strength, proof
strength & total extension the specified strain rate shall be applied.

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Procedure
•Mark a 50 mm gage length on the tensile test specimen
usingthe dial calipers and marker.
•Measure the diameter of the specimen using dial calipers
•Load specimen in the machine grips and remove most of
the slack by moving the lower crosshead
•Attach and zero the extensometer; secure it with a lanyard
so it will not fall and break if specimen fracture occurs
before the extensometer can be removed.
•Zero the load indicator and open the right side hydraulic
valve about ½ turn.

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Procedure
As the sample is loaded, close the valve and record the load and
elongation at regular load intervals up to the yield point (when the
load starts increasing more slowly and the strain starts increasing
more rapidly).
Continue to load the sample until the extensometer range is
exceeded, then remove the extensometer.
Continue to load the sample until it breaks; pay close attention to
the load indicator and record the load at failure.
Observe and record the maximum load on the follower needle.
Using the dial calipers, measure the final gage length and gage
diameter of the fractured specimen (note: when you calculate the
fracture strength, use the fracture area calculated from the
measured final diameter).
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Yield and proof strengths

Determination of the upper yield strength

Upper yield strength may be determined from the force-
extension curve or peak load indicator and is defined as the
maximum value of stress prior to the first decrease in force.
The value is calculated by dividing this force by the original
cross-sectional area of the test piece

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Determination of the lower yield strength

Lower yield strength is determined from the force-extension

curve and is defined as the lowest value of stress during plastic
yielding, ignoring any initial transient effects. The value is
calculated by dividing this force by original cross-sectional area
of the test piece,

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Materials
Determination of proof strength, plastic extension
Proof strength is determined from the force-extension curve by
drawing a line parallel to the linear portion of the curve and at
a distance from it equivalent to the prescribed plastic
percentage extension, e.g.0,2 %.
The point at which this line intersects the curve gives the force
corresponding to the desired proof strength plastic extension.

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Materials
Determination of proof strength, total extension
Proof strength is determined on the force-extension curve,
taking, by drawing a line parallel to the ordinate axis (force
axis) and at a distance from this equivalent to the prescribed
total percentage extension. The point at which this line
intersects the curve gives the force corresponding to the
desired proof strength. The value is calculated by dividing this
force by the original cross-sectional area of the test piece.

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Determination of the percentage plastic extension at
maximum force
The method consists of determining the extension at maximum
force on the force-extension curve obtained with an
extensometer and subtracting the elastic strain.

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Determination of the percentage plastic extension at
maximum force

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Determination of the percentage total extension at
maximum force

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Determination of the percentage total extension at fracture

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Materials
Determination of the percentage total extension after
fracture
For this purpose. the broken pieces of the test piece shall be
carefully filled back together so that their axes lie in a straight
line.
Special precautions shall be taken to ensure proper contact
between the broken parts of the test piece when measuring the
final gauge length. This is particularly important for test pieces
of small crosssection and test pieces having low elongation
values.

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Materials
Determination of the percentage total extension after
fracture

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Materials
Determination of percentage reduction of area
The broken pieces of the test piece shall be carefully fitted
back together so that their axes lie in a straight line. For round
test pieces, the measurements at the minimum reduced section
should be made in 2 planes at 90° to each other and the average
used for the calculation of Z.
Care should be taken to ensure that the fracture surfaces are not
displaced when making the readings.

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Determination of percentage reduction of area

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Stress Strain Curve

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Test Report:
The test report shall contain at least the following information,
unless otherwise agreed by the parties concerned:
1.Reference to th1s part of ISO 6892,
2.The test condition information specified in ISO 6892-1:2016
3.Identification of the test piece
4.Material if known
5.Type of test piece
6.Testing control modes and testing rate

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Test Report:
Test results:
•results should be rounded (according to ISO 80000-1) to the
following precisions or better, if not otherwise specified in
product standards: strength values, in megapascals, to the
nearest whole number;
•percentage yield point extension values to the nearest 0,1 %;
•all other percentage extension and elongation values to the
nearest 0,5 %;
•percentage reduction of area, Z, to the nearest 1 %.

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