OP AMPs for Everyone

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 Active Filters
Active Filters : Theory x Experimental
 Active Filters
Active Filters : Theory x Experimental

Filtro Passa Baixa Butterwork, ordem n=5, fc= 19.8KHz

 Active Filters

Active Filters : Theory x Experimental

 Introduciton

Applications (few examples):

In the field of telecommunications band pass filters are used in the audio frequency range
(0 – 20 KHz)

High frequency band-pass filters (several hundreds MHz) are used for channell selection in
telephone centrals).

There are filters that do not filter any frequencies of a complex input signal, but just add a
linear phase shift to each frequency component, thus contributing to a constant time delay.
These are called all-pass filters.
At high frequencies (> 1 MHz), all of these filters usually consist of passive components such
as inductors (L), resistors (R), and capacitors (C). They are then called LRC filters.

In the lower frequency range (1 Hz to 1 MHz), however, the inductor value becomes very
large and the inductor itself gets quite bulky, making economical production difficult.

Active filters are circuits that use an operational amplifier (op amp) as the active device in
combination with some resistors and capacitors to provide an LRC-like filter performance at
low frequencies.
 Filtro Passivo X Filtro Ativo

Mostrar que os filtros passivo RLC e ativo passa-faixa com realimentação múltipla abaixo
filtro têm a mesma função de transferência.

O ganho de tensão do circuito passivo é dado por:

[1]
 Filtro Ativo Genérico na Configuração Realimentação Múltipla

O ganho de tensão deste circuito pode ser facilmente obtido utilizando-se a LCK nos
nós a e b, supondo que o amp op é ideal e aplicando-se a técnica de terra virtual.

Nó a:

Nó b:
 Z1 = R1
Z2 = R2
Z3= 1/jwC3
Z4= 1/jwCe
Z5 = R5
Se C3 = C4 = C e R5 = 2R1 resulta:

[2]

[1] = [2]
 Active Filters
Contents: Active Filters

Rather than resembling just another filter book, the individual filter sections are written
in a cookbook style, thus avoiding tedious mathematical derivations. Each section
starts with the general transfer function of a filter, followed by the design equations to
calculate the individual circuit components.

Introduction to three main filter optimizations (Butterworth, Tschebyscheff, and Bessel).

Description of the most common active filter applications:

low-pass
high-pass
band-pass
band-rejection
all-pass filters
 Active Filters

filtro passa-baixa filtro passa-alta

filtro passa-faixa filtro rejeita-faixa

 Active Filters

Active Filter
Sallen-Key Topology

filtro passa-baixa

Passive Filter
 Active Filters

Active Filter
Multiple Feedback Topology

filtro passa-alta

Passive Filter
 Active Filters

Active Filter
Sallen-Key Topology

filtro passa-faixa

Passive Filter
 Active Filters

Active Filter
Twin-T Topology

filtro rejeita-faixa

Passive Filter
 Active Filters

filtro passa-tudo

banda de passagem é todo o espectro de frequências

mas com defasagens diferentes ao longo do espectro
 Active Filters

Low Pass Filters

 Active Filters

Low Pass Filter Butterworth

Tchebysheff

Bessel
 Active Filters

Low Pass Filter

General Transfer Function

The filter coefficients ai and bi distinguish between Butterworth,

Tschebyscheff, and Bessel filters. The coefficients for all three types of
filters are tabulated.

n determines the gain rolloff above fC (n·20 dB/decade)

ai and bi determine the gain behavior in the passband

 Active Filters

Low Pass Filter

General Transfer Function

The Butterworth coefficients optimizes the passband for maximum flatness

The Tschebyscheff coefficients sharpes the transition from passband into

the stopband

The Bessel coefficients linearizes the phase response up to fC

 Active Filters

Butterworth Low Pass Filter

The Butterworth low-pass filter provides passband flatness.

 Active Filters
Tchebysheff Low Pass Filter

The Tschebyscheff low-pass filters provide an even higher gain rolloff

above fC. However, the passband gain is not monotone, but contains
ripples of constant magnitude instead. For a given filter order, the higher
the passband ripples, the higher the filter’s rolloff.
 Active Filters
Tchebysheff Low Pass Filter

For a given filter order, the higher the passband ripples, the higher the
filter’s rolloff.
Each ripple accounts for one second-order filter stage.

Filters with even order numbers generate ripples above the 0-dB line

Filters with odd order numbers create ripples below 0 dB.

 Active Filters
Bessel Low Pass Filter

The passband gain of a Bessel low-pass filter is not as flat as that of

the Butterworth low-pass

The transition from passband to stopband is by far not as sharp as

that of a Tschebyscheff low-pass filter
 Active Filters
Bessel Low Pass Filter

The Bessel low-pass filters have a linear phase response over a wide
frequency range
 Active Filters
Bessel Low Pass Filter

The Bessel low-pass filters have a linear phase response over a wide
frequency range
 Active Filters
Cascade Filters

The first-order and second-order filter stages are the building blocks
for higher-order filters.
 Active Filters
Quality Factor

Band Pass
Filters

Low and High Pass

Filters
 Active Filters
Quality Factor

Example: low pass filter with 5 stages

Q5(dB) = 20 logQ5
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters

Filters
Coefficients
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters

Butterworth
Coefficients
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters

Bessel
Coefficients
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters

Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(0.5 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters

Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(1 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(2 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(3 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

All Pass
 Active Filters
Cascade Filters

First order filter

Second order filter

 Active Filters

Low Pass Filters

(First Order Topology)
 Active Filters
Low Pass Filter
(First Order)

Inverting

a1

(DC gain)
 Active Filters
Low Pass Filter
(First Order)

Noninverting

a1

(DC gain)
 Active Filters

Designing Low Pass Filters

(First Order Topology)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)

Inverting Noninverting

(Ganho = 1)
(Ganho ≠ 1)

1 Specify fC, A0 , C1 1 Specify fC, A0, C1 1 Specify fC, C1

2 2 2

3 3
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)

Filtro Passa-Baixa Sallen-Key Genérico de Ordem 1 Inversor

Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)

Filtro Passa-Baixa Sallen-Key Genérico de Ordem 1 Não-Inversor

 Active Filters

Low Pass Filters

(Second Order Topology)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology

General Sallen-Key Topology

Multiple Feedbak Topology

Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Seconder Order)

Sallen-Key Topology (G≠1)

The SK topology is commonly used in filters

General Sallen-Key Topology

Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Seconder Order)

Sallen-Key Topology (G=1)

Sallen-Key Topology with unit gain

a1 b1
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Multiple Feedbak Topology

The MFB topology is commonly used in filters that have high Qs and require a high gain

a1
b1
 Active Filters

Designing Low Pass Filters

(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)

1 Pick C1

2 Determine filter coefficients a1 e b1

3 In order to obtain real values under the square

root, C2 must satisfy the following condition:
 

4 Calculate R1 and R2
 22
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)

Exemple 1:
Design a second order unity gain Tschebyscheff low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 3KHz and a 3dB passband ripple

1 Pick C1 =22nF

2 Get the Tschebyscheff filters coefficient tables: a1 = 1.0650 and b1 = 1,9305

 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)

Exemple 1:
Design a second order unity gain Tschebyscheff low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 3KHz and a 3dB passband ripple

4 Calculate R1 and R2
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)

Exemple 1:
Design a second order unity gain Tschebyscheff low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 3KHz and a 3dB passband ripple
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
( Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology
(G≠1)

R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology
(G≠1)

1 Get an and bn

2 Pick C and get R

3 Calculate A0 and R4 /R3

e

4 Calculate Q
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)

Filtro Passa-Baixa Sallen-Key Genérico de Ordem 2

 Active Filters

Designing Low Pass Filters

(Higher Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)

Exemple 1:
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz.
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)

Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz

Get Butterworth Coefficients

Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)

Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz

First Filter: first order

1 Pick C1 = 1nF

2 Get R1
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)

Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz

Second Filter: Sallen-Key second order

1 Pick C1 = 820pF

  = 1.87K Ω

3 With C1 = 820pF and

C2 = 1.5nF calculate R1   = 4.42 KΩ
and R2
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)

Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency = 50KHz

Third Filter: Sallen-Key second order

1 Pick C1 = 330pF

  = 1.47K Ω

3 With C1 = 330pF and

C2 = 4.7nF calculate R1   = 4.53 KΩ
and R2
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)

Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency = 50KHz
 Active Filters

Designing Low Pass Filters

(Second Order)
Multiple Feedback Topology
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Multiple Feedbak Topology

The MFB topology is commonly used in filters that have high Qs and require a high gain
 Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Multiple Feedbak Topology

1 Choose C1 , C2

2 Calculate R1, R2, R3

 Active Filters
Simulação LTSpice
Butterwork
Bessel
Tchebysheff (3dB)
 Active Filters

High Pass Filters

High Pass Filter Active Filters

By replacing the resistors of a low-pass filter with capacitors, and its capacitors with
resistors a high-pass filter is created

General Sallen-Key Low Pass Topology General Sallen-Key High Pass Topology

Unit Gain Sallen-Key Low Pass Topology Unit Gain Sallen-Key High Pass Topology
High Pass Filter Active Filters

To plot the gain response of a high-pass filter mirror the gain response of a low-pass
filter replacing Ω with 1/Ω and S with 1/S

A(s) =
 Active Filters

High Pass Filters

First Order Topology
High Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)

Inverting

-
High Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)

Noninverting
 Active Filters

Designing
High Pass Filters
First Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)

Inverting Noninverting

1 Specify fC, A∞, C1 1 Specify fC, A∞, C1

2
2

3
3
 Active Filters

High Pass Filters

Second Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology

General Sallen-Key Topology

α =1
Unit Gain Sallen-Key Topology
Designing High Pass Filter
(Second Order)
Active Filters

Multiple Feedbak Topology

The MFB topology is commonly used in filters that have high Qs and requirea high gain
 Active Filters

Designing
High Pass Filters
Second Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology
(unit gain)

1 Get the filter coefficients

2 Specify C

Unit Gain
3

4
Designing High Pass Filter
(Second Order)
Active Filters

Multiple Feedbak Topology

1 Get the filter coefficients

2 Pick C and C2

4
 Active Filters

Designing
High Pass Filters
Higher Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)

Exemple 1:
Design a third-order Sallen-Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with the
corner frequency fC = 1 kHz.

1 Get the Bessel coefficients

Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)

Exemple:
Design a third-order Sallen Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with the
corner frequency fC = 1 kHz.

First Filter: first order non-inverting with

unit gain C1

R1

1 Bessel coefficientes: a1= 0.756, b1 = 0

2 Pick C1 C1 = 100nF

3 Get R1
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)

Exemple:
Design a third-order Sallen Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with corner
frequency fC = 1 kHz.

Second Filter: second order SK with unit gain

1 Bessel coefficientes: a2 = 0.996, b2 = 0.472

2 Pick C C = 100nF

4
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)

Exemple:
Design a third-order Sallen Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with the
corner frequency fC = 1 kHz.
 Active Filters

Band Pass Filters

Band Pass Filter Active Filters

The passband characteristic of a low-pass filter is transformed into the upper passband
half of a band-pass filter. The upper passband is then mirrored at the mid frequency, f m
(Ω=1), into the lower passband half
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Normalized bandwith

Normalized mid bandwith

Q factor
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

The simplest design of a band-pass filter is the connection of a high-pass filter and a
lowpass filter in series, which is commonly done in wide-band filter applications.

A first order high-pass and a first-order low-pass provide a second-order band-pass,

A second-order high-pass and a second-order low-pass result in a fourth-order band-

pass response.

Narrow-band filters of higher order consist of cascaded second-order band-pass filters

that use the Sallen-Key or the Multiple Feedback (MFB) topology.
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

To develop the frequency response of a second-order band-pass filter, apply the

Transformation s to a first-order low-pass transfer function:

s
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

When designing band-pass filters, the parameters of interest are the gain at the mid
frequency (Am) and the quality factor (Q), which represents the selectivity of a band-
pass filter. Therefore, replace A0 with Am /Q and ΔΩ with 1/Q (Equation 16–7) to
obtain:
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Normalized gain response of a second order

bandpass filter
 Active Filters

Band Pass Filters

Second Order Topology
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology

Multiple Feedbak Topology

Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology

G= 1 + R2 /R1
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology

The Sallen-Key circuit has the advantage that the quality factor (Q) can be varied via the
inner gain (G) without modifying the mid frequency (f m).

A drawback is that Q and Am cannot be adjusted independently.

Care must be taken when G approaches the value of 3 because A m becomes infinite.
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Multiple Feedback Topology

 Active Filters

Designing
Band Pass Filters
Second Order Topology
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Sallen-Key Topology

1 Specify fm and C

3a Specify Am, calculate G Specify Q, calculate G

3b
and R2 / R1 and R2 / R1

G= 1 + R2 /R1 G= 1 + R2 /R1
Designing Band Pass Filter
(Second Order)
Active Filters

Multiple Feedback Topology

1 Specify fm , Q, Am and C

  =
2

R2
3
 
R1 =
|
−2 A m |
− 𝐴𝑚 𝑅1
4
 
R3 =
| 𝑄2 + 𝐴 𝑚 |
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

Exemple 1:
Design a second-order MFB band-pass filter with a mid frequency of f m= 1
kHz, a quality factor of Q = 10, and a gain of Am= –2. Assume a capacitor
value of C = 100 nF.
 Active Filters

Band Pass Filters

Higher Order Topology
 Higher Order Active Filters
Band Pass Filter

Replacing the s term with the transformation

in a second order low pass transfer function gives the general transfer function of a
fourth-order band-pass:
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

This equation represents the connection in series of two second-order band-pass filters
where:

b
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Factor α needs to be determined through successive approximation, using equation:

Values of α For Different Filter Types and Different valures of Q:

Band Pass Filter Active Filters

In a fourth-order band-pass filter with high Q, the mid frequencies of the two partial
filters differ only slightly from the overall mid frequency. This method is called
staggered tuning. A flat gain response shows up as well as a sharp pass-band to
stop-band transition.
Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Example: Gain response of a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass filter with

staggered tuning where with Q = 1. Its partial filters are shown as well as the gain of
a non staggered tuning filter with Q = 10.
 Active Filters

Designing
Band Pass Filters
Higher Order Topology
 Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology.

1 From table: a1 = 1.4142, b1 = 1, α = 1,036

 Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology.

2 Calculate fm1 and fm2

3 Calculate Qi
 Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology.

4 Calculate Ami

b1

5 Calculate the MF resistance components for filter 1 and filter 2 using C = 10nF

R2
  =
 
R1 i=
|
− 2 A mi |  
R3 i=
| − 𝐴 𝑚𝑖 𝑅 1
2
2𝑄 + 𝐴𝑚𝑖 |
 Band Pass Filter Active Filters

Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology and C=10nF.

5 Calculate the MF resistance components using C = 10nF

+ +
 Active Filters
Simulação - LTSpice

Os valores dos
componentes
foram medidos !
 Active Filters

Band Rejection Filters

Band Rejection Filter Active Filters

A band-rejection filter is used to suppress a certain frequency rather than a range of

frequencies.

The passband characteristic of the low-pass filter is transformed into the lower
passband of the band-rejection filter. The lower passband is then mirrored at the mid
frequency, fm (Ω=1), into the upper passband half.
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters

To generate the transfer function of a second-order band-rejection filter, replace the s

term of a first-order low-pass response with the transformation

Ao é o ganho na
banda de passagem.
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters

Two of the most popular band-rejection filters are the active twin-T and the active
Wien-Robinson circuit, both of which are second-order filters.

active twin-T active Wien-Robinson

 Active Filters

Band Rejection Filters

Função de Transferência
Active Filters
Função de Transferência H(s)
Active Filters

Filtro de ordem 2 com dois zeros e dois pólos

 Active Filters
Ganho (Av=Ao)

Para obtenção do ganho não é necessário resolver (H(s):

Nota-se que quando w 0 os capacitores se tornam

circuitos abertos e nessa situação v1=v2=vi tornando o
circuito um amplificador não inversor, cujo ganho é:

DÚVIDA: o que ocorre com os dois

resistore R em série ?
 Active Filters
Ganho (Av)

Para obtenção do ganho não é necessário resolver (H(s):

Nota-se que quando w ∞ os capacitores se tornam

curto-circuitos e nessa situação v1=v2=vi tornando o
circuito amplificador não inversor, cujo ganho é:

DÚVIDA: o que ocorre com R2 ?

 Active Filters
Frequência Central (wc)

Como s=jw: então:

A frequência central é o valor wc que minimiza |H(s)|.

Os valores de C, R,R1 e R2 são constantes positivas e o
numerador de |H(s)| é uma parábola com concavidade
para baixo que cruza o eixo das ordenadas acima do
zero, ou seja, essa parábola passa por zero. Sendo assim,
para encontrar a frequência central basta encontrar wc
tal que |H(s)| = 0, então:
 Active Filters
Frequência Central (wc)
 Active Filters
Fator de Qualidade (Q)

Substituindo Av e wc em |H(s)|:
 Active Filters
Fator de Qualidade (Q)

Para obter w2 sabemos que wc < w2 portanto:

Para obter w1 sabemos que wc > w1 portanto:

 Active Filters
Fator de Qualidade (Q)

A função de transferência de qualquer filtro ativo twin-T é:

 Active Filters

Design
Band Rejection Filters
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
Active Twin-T Filter
Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters

Active Twin-T Filter

1 Specify fm , Ao and C

2 Calculate R

3 Calculate R2 / R1

4 Pick R1 and calculate R2

Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters

Exemple:
Design a rejection pass filter using the Twin-T topology with f m = 10KHz, Ao = 1,5 .
Pick C=10nF.

1 Calculate R = 1,6KΩ

2 Calculate R2 / R1 R2 / R1 = 0,5

3 Pick R1 and calculate R2 R1 = 2,2KΩ and R2 = 1,1KΩ

Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters

Exemple:
Design a rejection pass filter using the Twin-T topology with f m = 10KHz, Ao = 1,5 .
Pick C=10nF.
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
Wien-Robinson
Filter
Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters
Win-Robinson Filter

1 Define fm and C. Q and Ao DÚVIDA: Cálculo de R1 ?

Ele é escolhido ?
2 Calculate R OBS: o livro “Op Amp for
Everyone” não descreve o
valor de R1.
3 Determine α

4 Determine β

4 Define R2 and calculate R3 and R4

 Active Filters
Simulação - LTSpice

LM318

LM351

LM741
 Active Filters

All Pass Filters

All Pass Filters Active Filters

All-pass filter has a constant gain across the entire frequency range, and a phase
response that changes linearly with frequency.

All-pass filters are used in phase compensation and signal delay circuits.

Similar to the low-pass filters, all-pass circuits of higher order consist of

cascaded first-order and second-order all-pass stages.

(ai and bi being the coefficients of a partial filter)

All Pass Filters Active Filters

The transfer function expressed by magnitude and phase yields:

Magnitude :

(módulo 1)
Phase:
 All Pass Filters Active Filters

Group Delay

It is te time by which the all pass filter delays each frequency within a band.

The normalized group delay is calculated by the equations:

All Pass Filters Active Filters

The
  frequency at which the group delay drops to times its initial value is the corner
frequency, fC.

The Tgro is the value of Tgr when Ω < 1.

Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)

All Pass
 All Pass Filters Active Filters

First Order Topology

Second Order Topology

All Pass Filters Active Filters

The Tgro is the value of Tgr when Ω < 1.

  = 2RC (ordem 1 )

  = 4RC (ordem 2)
 Active Filters

Designing
All Pass Filters
(First Order Topology)
All Pass Filters Active Filters

First Order Topology

1 Specify fC and C

2 Calculate R

3 Delay group
 Active Filters

Designing
All Pass Filters
(Second Order Topology)
All Pass Filters Active Filters

Second Order Topology

1 Specify fC , R and C

2 Calculate R

3 Calculate R1 , R2 , R3

4 Maximum delay group

All Pass Filters Active Filters

Exemple:
A signal with the frequency spectrum, 0 < f < 1 kHz, needs to be delayed by 2 ms.
To keep the phase distortions at a minimum, the corner frequency of the all-pass
filter must be fC ≥ 1 kHz. Design a 2-ms delay all-pass filter

1 The figure below shows a seventh-order all-pass is needed to accomplish

the desired delay.

e tgro = 2ms
All Pass Filters Active Filters

Exemple:
A signal with the frequency spectrum, 0 < f < 1 kHz, needs to be delayed by 2 ms.
To keep the phase distortions at a minimum, the corner frequency of the all-pass
filter must be fC ≥ 1 kHz. Design a 2-ms delay all-pass filter
All Pass Filters Active Filters

Exemplo:
Implemente em um protoboard um filtro passa tudo de ordem 1 com
frequência de corte 1KHz. Utilize C=10nF.

Simulação - LTSpice
All Pass Filters Active Filters

Exemplo:
Implemente em um protoboard um filtro passa tudo de ganho unitário e ordem
1 com frequência de corte 1KHz. Utilize C=10nF.

Simulação - LTSpice

escala
linear

f(Hz)
1KHz
 All Pass Filters Active Filters

Exemplo:
Implemente em um protoboard um filtro passa tudo de ordem 1 com
frequência de corte 1KHz. Utilize C=10nF.

G(dB)

Simulação - LTSpice

f(Hz)