M A T HE M A T IC S I N TH E

MODERN W O R L D
U CT ION TO STA TISTICS
INTROD
 DEFINITION
•STATISTICS COMES FROM STATISTIK, AN ITALIAN WORD WHICH MEANS
STATESMAN.
•STATISTICS REFERS TO ANY RECORDED NUMERICAL OR QUANTITATIVE DATA.
•STATISTICS IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE COLLECTION,
ORGANIZATION, PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA IN
ORDER TO BE ABLE TO DRAW JUDGMENTS OR CONCLUSIONS THAT HELP IN THE
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

•DEALS WITH PROCEDURES THAT ORGANIZE, SUMMARIZE,

AND DESCRIBE QUANTITATIVE DATA.
EXAMPLES: FREQUENCY, CENTRAL TENDENCY,
DISPERSION/VARIATION, POSITION
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
•DEALS WITH MAKING A JUDGMENT OR A CONCLUSION ABOUT
A POPULATION BASED ON THE STUDY OF A SAMPLE THAT IS
TAKEN FROM THE POPULATION.
EXAMPLES: HYPOTHESIS TESTING, NORMAL DISTRIBUTION,
REGRESSION ANALYSIS, COMPARISON OF MEANS
 BASIC CONCEPTS
• VARIABLE – IS A QUANTITY THAT MAY ASSUME ANY OF A SET OF VALUES.
EXAMPLE:
PRICE, GRADES, AGE

• CONSTANT – A QUANTITY THAT DOES NOT CHANGE ITS VALUE.

EXAMPLE:
Π = 3.14159…

• UNGROUPED OR RAW DATA – ARE DATA WHICH ARE NOT ORGANIZED IN ANY SPECIFIC WAY.
• GROUPED DATA – ARE RAW DATA ORGANIZED INTO GROUPS OR CATEGORIES WITH CORRESPONDING FREQUENCIES.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
• POPULATION – THE ENTIRE COLLECTION OF ALL POSSIBLE OBSERVATIONS OF A PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTIC OF
INTEREST.
EXAMPLE:
MONTHLY INCOMES OF ALL EMPLOYEES OF MQCPI
GWA OF STUDENTS IN THE EDUCATION PROGRAM

• SAMPLE – A REPRESENTATIVE SET OF OBSERVATIONS THAT REFLECTS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE POPULATION
FROM WHICH IT IS TAKEN.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
• PARAMETER – IS ANY STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A POPULATION
EXAMPLE:
POPULATION MEAN, POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION

• STATISTIC – IS ANY STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A SAMPLE.

EXAMPLE:
SAMPLE MEAN, SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
 PROBABILITY
• A MEASURE OF THE CHANCE WITH WHICH WE CAN EXPECT THE EVENT TO OCCUR.
THREE TYPES OF PROBABILITIES:

• CLASSICAL PROBABILITY – THE PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT IS THE RATIO OF THE NUMBER OF FAVORABLE
OUTCOMES TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES.
EXAMPLE: PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT =
• 
1. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF GETTING A HEAD IN ONE TOSS OF A FAIR COIN?
2. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF THE NUMBER 5 TURNING UP IN ONE ROLL OF A BALANCED DIE?
3. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF DRAWING A KING OF SPADES FROM A STANDARD DECK OF CARDS?
 PROBABILITY
• RELATIVE FREQUENCY / EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY – PROBABILITY IS EQUIVALENT TO A RELATIVE FREQUENCY.
EXAMPLE: PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT =
1. AN EXAMINATION IS GIVEN TO A CLASS OF 50 STUDENTS. 5 GOT PERFECT SCORES. WHAT IS
THE PROBABILITY THAT A STUDENT WHO IS PICKED AT RANDOM FROM THE GROUP, IS A STUDENT A) WHO
GOT A PERFECT SCORE B) WHO DID NOT GET A PERFECT SCORE?
• 
2. THE STATISTICS OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY SHOW THAT FOR EVERY 1,000 LIVE BIRTHS, 125
DIE SOON AFTER BIRTH. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF DEATH FOR A CHILD BORN IN THIS COUNTRY?
 PROBABILITY
• SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY – IS THE CHANCE OF OCCURRENCE ASSIGNED BY A PERSON TO AN EVENT BASED ON
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE, INTUITION, AND EVEN BELIEFS.
EXAMPLE:
1. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT A BUSINESS COMPETITOR WILL LAUNCH ITS MARKETING PROGRAM NEXT
WEEK?
2. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT AN ATHLETE WILL WIN A PARTICULAR RACE?
3. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT IT WILL RAIN TOMORROW?
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• SIMPLE MEAN – DIVIDING THE SUM OF VALUES BY THE NUMBER OF VALUES IN THE GROUP.
EXAMPLE: X =
1. FIND THE AVERAGE GRADE OF EACH OF TWO STUDENTS WHOSE GRADES IN FIVE SUBJECTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1ST STUDENT: 85, 90, 95, 83, 82
2ND STUDENT: 79, 88, 95, 94, 89
•  
• DISADVANTAGE – IT IS EASILY INFLUENCED BY EXTREME VALUES
EXAMPLE:
2. FIND THE AVERAGE HOURLY RATE OF ELEVEN HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS:
P125, 120, 123, 135, 133, 500, 130, 125, 130, 120, 130
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• WEIGHTED MEAN – INCORPORATES INTO THE FORMULA THE WEIGHT OF EACH TERM.
EXAMPLE: X =
1.
SUBJECT GRADE UNITS
A 85 2
•  B 90 3
C 95 5
D 83 3
E 82 1
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• MEDIAN – THE MIDDLE VALUE AFTER ALL TERMS HAVE BEEN ARRANGED IN AN ASCENDING (OR
DESCENDING) ORDER.
EXAMPLES:
1. FIND THE MEDIAN OF THE GRADES: 86, 91, 96, 84, 83
2. FIND THE MEDIAN OF THE HOURLY WAGES OF THE 11 SKILLED WORKERS:
P125, 120, 123, 135, 133, 500, 130, 125, 130, 120, 130
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• DETERMINING THE MIDDLE TERM:
ODD – NUMBERED SET
MIDDLE TERM =
EXAMPLE: FIND THE MIDDLE TERM OF 85 TERMS ARRANGED IN AN ASCENDING ORDER.
•  EVEN – NUMBERED SET (TWO MIDDLE TERMS)
MIDDLE TERM = MEDIAN =
EXAMPLE: FIND THE MIDDLE TERM OF 150 TERMS ARRANGED IN ASCENDING ORDER.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• MODE – THE VALUE THAT OCCURS MOST OFTEN.
EXAMPLE:
1. DETERMINE THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN AMONG A SAMPLE OF 20 FAMILIES. THE NUMBER
OF CHILDREN PER FAMILY ARE:
6, 5, 5, 5, 2, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 1, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5
EXERCISES
1. FIND THE MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE OF THE FOLLOWING:
A. A HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER AT A SMALL PRIVATE SCHOOL ASSIGNS TRIGONOMETRY PRACTICE
PROBLEMS TO BE WORKED VIA THE NET. STUDENTS MUST USE A PASSWORD TO ACCESS THE PROBLEMS
AND THE TIME OF LOG-IN AND LOG-OFF ARE AUTOMATICALLY RECORDED FOR THE TEACHER. AT THE END OF
THE WEEK, THE TEACHER EXAMINES THE AMOUNT OF TIME EACH STUDENT SPENT WORKING THE ASSIGNED
PROBLEMS. THE DATA IS PROVIDED BELOW IN MINUTES.
15, 28, 25, 48, 22, 43, 49, 34, 22, 33, 27, 25, 22, 20, 39
EXERCISES

BAILEY HAS BEEN PLAYING GOLF ON THE WEEKENDS FOR THE PAST THREE YEARS. RECENTLY, SHE STARTED
KEEPING TRACK OF HER RECORDED SCORES. HER SCORES FOR JUNE AND JULY AT HER FAVORITE 9-HOLE
(PAR 36) GOLF COURSE ARE PROVIDED BELOW.

45, 49, 42, 56, 41, 36, 34, 38, 41, 40, 42, 41, 39, 38, 40, 39, 36, 41
EXERCISES

MIDTERM EXAM SCORES FOR A SMALL ADVANCED NEUROANATOMY CLASS ARE PROVIDED BELOW. SCORES
REPRESENT PERCENT OF ITEMS MARKED CORRECT ON THE EXAM.

87, 99, 75, 87, 94, 75, 35, 88, 87, 93

EXERCISES
• A GROUP COMMITTED TO QUALITY TELEVISION HAS BEEN CONCERNED ABOUT A NEW TALK SHOW. FOR
TWO WEEKS, THEY DECIDE TO COUNT THE NUMBER OF WORDS THAT MUST BE "BLEEPED" AS TOO
OBSCENE FOR TELEVISION AND THE NUMBER OF PHYSICAL ALTERCATIONS. THEY HOPE THAT AFTER
RECORDING THIS DATA THAT THEY WILL BE ABLE TO ARGUE THAT THE SHOW IS INAPPROPRIATE FOR
TELEVISION PARTICULARLY DURING THE DAY. THE DATA FOR NUMBER OF WORDS CENSORED IS
PROVIDED BELOW.

342, 267, 321, 157, 33, 349, 254, 166, 132, 289