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4-The Four Basic Concepts

The document defines four basic concepts: sets, notation for sets, subsets, and functions. It provides examples and explanations for each concept. Sets are collections of distinct objects that are considered as a single object. Notation lists the elements of a set separated by commas within curly brackets. A subset contains elements that are also contained in the original set. A function relates an input to a single output, with the input coming before the output in an ordered pair.

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Samantha Kaye Tupos
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196 views23 pages

4-The Four Basic Concepts

The document defines four basic concepts: sets, notation for sets, subsets, and functions. It provides examples and explanations for each concept. Sets are collections of distinct objects that are considered as a single object. Notation lists the elements of a set separated by commas within curly brackets. A subset contains elements that are also contained in the original set. A function relates an input to a single output, with the input coming before the output in an ordered pair.

Uploaded by

Samantha Kaye Tupos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Four Basic

Concepts
Sets
A collection of distinct objects,
considered as an object in its own
right.
Example:
The items you wear: hat, shirt, jacket,
pants, and so on.
Types of fingers: Thumb, Index,
Middle, Ring, and Pinky.
Notation
 There is a fairly simple notation for sets. We
simply list each element (or "member")
separated by a comma, and then put some
curly brackets around the whole thing:
Example:
 {socks, shoes, watches, shirts, ...}
◦ We call an Infinite set
 {thumb, index, middle, ring, pinky}

◦ We call an Finite set

the set of letters:


{a, b, c, ..., x, y, z}
Example:
 Certain sets of numbers are so
frequently referred to that they are
given special symbolic names.

Symbol Set
ℝ Set of all real numbers
ℤ Set of all integers
ℚ Set of all rational numbers, or
quotients of integers
Set-builder Notation

Notes:
• The x is just a variable, it could be anything.
• Some people use “:” instead of "|“, so they
write { x : x > 0 }
Example:

“The set of all x’s is an element of real


number such that x is greater than or
equal 3”
Subsets
 When we define a set, if we take
pieces of that set, we can form what is
called a subset.
Example:
The set A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
• A subset of this is B={1, 2, 3}. Another
subset is C={3, 4} or even another is
D={1}, etc.

Symbolically:
 A⊆B means that “For all elements x, if x∈A then x ∈B.
Example:
 Is A a subset of B, where A = {1, 3, 4}
and B = {1, 4, 3, 2}?
 Let A be all multiples of 4 and B be all

multiples of 2. Is A a subset of B? And


is B a subset of A?
Proper Subset
A is a proper subset of B if and only if
every element in A is also in B, and
there exists at least one element in B
that is not in A.
Example:
a. A={1,2,3} B={1,2,3}
b. A={1,2,3} B={1,2,3,4}
Cartesian Product
  
The product of two sets.
 “A cross B”

Symbolically:

Example:
 

Let A= B=
a. Find .
b. Find .
c. Find .
Function
A function relates an input to an
output.
Input, Relationship, Output
Example: "Multiply by 2" is a very simple
function.
Names
 Themost common name is "f", but we
can have other names like "g" ... or
even "marmalade" if we want.

Example:
 An input of 4.
 Becomes the output of 16.
A Function is special
A function has a special rules:
 It must work for every possible input value
 And it has only one relationship for each

input value
Vertical Line Test
On a graph, the idea of single
valued means that no vertical line ever
crosses more than one value.
Ordered Pair
 They are called ordered pairs because
the input always comes first, and the
output second.
(input, output)
Example: 
{(2,4), (3,5), (7,3)} is a function that
says "2 is related to 4", "3 is related to
5" and "7 is related 3".
Binary Operation
 Binary operations on a set are calculations
that combine two elements of the set (called
operands) to produce another element of the
same set.
Types of Binary Operation
 Commutative

◦ A binary operation * on a set A is


commutative if a * b = b * a, for all
(a, b) ∈ A (non-empty set).
Example:
Let addition be the operating binary
operation for a = 8 and b = 9, a + b =
17 = b + a.
Types of Binary Operation
 Associative

◦ The associative property of binary


operations hold if, for a non-empty set A,
we can write (a * b) *c = a*(b * c).
Example:
Suppose N be the set of natural numbers
and multiplication be the binary operation.
Let a = 4, b = 5 c = 6. We can write (a × b)
× c = 120 = a × (b × c).
Types of Binary Operation
 Distributive
◦ Let * and o be two binary operations defined on a
non-empty set A. The binary operations are
distributive if a*(b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c) or (b o
c)*a = (b * a) o (c * a).
Example:
Consider * to be multiplication and o be
subtraction. And a = 2, b = 5, c = 4. Then, a*(b o
c) = a × (b − c) = 2 × (5 − 4) = 2. And (a * b) o (a *
c) =  (a × b) − (a × c) = (2 × 5) − (2 × 4) = 10 − 6
= 2.
Types of Binary Operation
 Identity

◦ If A be the non-empty set and * be the


binary operation on A. An element e is the
identity element of a ∈ A, if a * e = a = e *
a.
Example:
If the binary operation is addition(+), e = 0
and for * is multiplication(×), e = 1.
Inverse
 Ifa binary operation * on a set A
which satisfies a * b = b * a = e, for all
a, b ∈ A. a-1 is invertible if for a * b =
b * a= e, a-1 = b. 1 is invertible when *
is multiplication.

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