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I T E G R I C E E N G G N E E N I N
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G R Y I E D B H G N
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T H E O L O G Y B I O N C
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
& GMOS
OBJECTIVES

◼ 1. Definition of Genetic Engineering and its different types;

◼ 2. Description on the different processes;
◼ 3. Identification of some examples of existing Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs):
◼ 4. The advantages and disadvantages of GMOs.
GENETIC ENGINEERING
◼ Genetic engineering: Changing the DNA in living
organisms to create something new.
◼ This organisms are called Genetically Modified Organism
(GMO)
◼ Example:
◼ Bacteria that produce human insulin
◼ Genetically Modified organism are called transgenic
organism; since genes are transferred from one organism
to another.
Some genetic engineering techniques are as follows:
1. Artificial selection
A. selective breeding
◼ hybridization
◼ inbreeding

2. Cloning
3. Gene splicing
4. Gel electrophoresis: analyzing DNA
1. Artificial selection: breeders choose which organism to
mate to produce offspring with desired traits.
◼ They cannot control what genes are passed.
◼ When they get offspring with the desired traits, they
maintain them.
A. selective breeding
◼ hybridization
◼ inbreeding
A. Selective breeding: when animals with desired characteristics are mated
to produce offspring with those desired traits.
◼ Passing of important genes to next generation.
◼ Example: Champion race horses, cows with tender meat, large juicy
oranges on a tree.
WHY USE SELECTIVE BREEDING?
◼For example people breed dogs for specific
purposes.
Big and strong, but lacked Fast and aggressive,
speed and aggression but lacked size

Big, strong,
fast, and
aggressive
◼Selective breeding occurs when you choose
the best male and female to breed.
◼This allows you to fine tune and control the
traits
◼The offspring or babies will then have the
best traits.
◼Then you continue to breed those organism
with the best traits, those traits will be
maintained.
◼Examples of
selective breeding:

◼ Angus cows are bred to increase

muscle mass so that we get more
meat,

◼ Egg-Laying Hen-produces more eggs

than the average hen
◼ A. Hybridizations: two individuals with unlike
characteristics are crossed to produce the best in
both organisms.
◼ Example: Luther Burbank created a disease
resistant potato called the Burbank potato.
◼ He crossed a disease resistant plant with one that
had a large food producing capacity.
◼ Result: disease resistant plant that makes a lot of
potatoes.
Other Examples of hybridization:

1. Liger: lion and tiger mix

2. Grape + apple= grapple. The fruit tastes like grapes and
looks like apple.
C. Inbreeding breeding of organism that genetically similar to maintain desired traits.
◼ Inbreeding uses two genetically similar organisms, each being “the best of the best”
◼ Dog breeds are maintained by inbreeding
◼ Characteristics that are unique to each breed are preserved
◼ Very prevalent in cattle farming – gives farmers the best possible livestock
◼ Also can be very dangerous if two individuals have an underlying mutation
 DESIGNER DOGGIES
• Aussiedoodle
Australian shepherd x
Poodle
• Cavapoo
Cavalier King Charles x
Poodle
• Cheagle
Chihuahua x
Beagle
List 4 characteristics of hybridized plants
(Place in notes!)
 GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED HYBRID
PLANTS
(LIST 4 EX. OF GE PLANTS IN NOTES)

◼ You have probably eaten many GE

plants without realizing it. Examples
include:
◼ Seedless grapes/ watermelons
◼ Bananas, which commonly have
polyploidy (extra sets of
chromosomes – stronger, bigger)
◼ Corn – modern corn was
selectively bred from
teosinte at least 6,000
years ago
 CAN YOU GUESS THESE
HYBRID FRUITS?

◼Limequats
◼ Lime x Kumquat

◼ Tangelo
◼ Tangerine x Pomelo
Pineberries look like smallish
strawberries in size and shape, but
are white in color and studded with
red seeds. They taste and smell like
pineapples but have the same
genetic makeup as a strawberry.
They are a product of cross-
breeding, not genetic engineering
HYBRIDIZATION
◼ Hybridized animals are called hybrids
◼ Can you identify these hybrids?

Why would a farmer what to breed a buffalo and a cow?

HORSE + DONKEY=MULE
(STERILE)

Why are mules so desirable as work animals?

Canis lupus
(gray wolf)
Canis latrans
(coyote)
Canis rufus
(red wolf)
Canis familiaries
(dog)
TIGER +LION = LIGER
(WHAT PURPOSE DO LIGERS SERVE?)
 SHEEP + GOAT
= GEEP

Are they sterile?

Horse + zebra=Zorse (sterile)

◼ Variation: difference between individuals of
a species.
◼ The differences are in the genes but we see
the physical differences.
◼ For example: Some humans have blond hair
and some have brown. This is a variation
among humans.
◼ Some finches have short beaks, some have
long beaks.
◼ Inbreeding decreases variations.
2. Cloning: creating an organism that is an
exact genetic copy of another.
◼ Clone: group of cells or organisms that
are genetically identical as a result of
asexual reproduction
◼ They will have the same exact DNA as the
parent.
HOW IS CLONING DONE?
► A single cell is removed from a parent organism.
► An entire individual is grown from that cell.
► Remember one cell has all the DNA needed to make an
entire organism.
► Each cell in the body has the same DNA, but cells vary
because different genes are turned on in each cell.
 Dolly:
◼Dolly was the first
mammal cloned.
◼She had the same exact
DNA as her mother and
had no father.
◼Cloning is a form of
asexual reproduction.
◼Only one genetic parent.
http://content.tutorvista.com/biology_11/content/media/cloning.swf
◼ Since Dolly, cats and other organisms have been
cloned.
◼ The cat that was cloned had the same exact DNA but
different color fur than the mother.

◼ How can this be?

◼ Environment plays a huge part in the way organisms
develop.
◼ Eggs are haploid
◼ Haploid: half the
chromosomes, 23 in
humans

◼ Body cells are diploid:

◼ Diploid: two sets of
chromosomes, one from
mom and one set from
dad 46 in humans.
How could you clone
a human?
◼Step 1: An egg is
removed from a female
human
◼Eggs are haploid: 23 23

chromosomes.
EGG CELL

◼The nucleus of the egg is

removed and is thrown
away.
◼Step 2: A body cell is
removed from
another person.
◼The nucleus of the
body cell is removed
◼Body cells are
46
diploid: 46
chromosomes. Body Cell
◼ Step 3:
◼ The nucleus of the diploid
body cell is put into the
egg.
◼ This egg no longer needs 46
to be fertilized since it has
EGG CELL
all 46 chromosomes.
◼ Step 4: The egg is then charged
with electricity to start mitosis.

◼ Step 5: Its then put into a surrogate

mother so it can grow.

◼ Its going to be genetically identical

to the parent of the body cell.
◼ But it will be a baby.

◼ Plants and animals can be cloned.

Benefits of cloning:

1. You can make exact

copies of organisms
with strong traits.
2. Increase food supply
3. Medical purposes: clone Saber Tooth Tiger extinct

organs for transplants.

4. Bring back or Stop
species from going
extinct.
Risks of cloning:
1. Decreases genetic
diversity
2. If one of your clones gets
a disease, they all get it:
same immune system.
3. Inefficient: high failure
rate: 90%+
4. Expensive
3. Gene splicing: DNA is cut out of one
organism and put into another organism

◼ A trait will be transferred from one organism

to another.

◼ For example: the human insulin gene can be

removed from a human cell.
◼ It can be put into a bacterial cell.

◼ The bacterial will now make human insulin.

◼This picture represents gene splicing.
◼However, DNA is much smaller.
◼Its done with high tech lab equipment
since DNA, is too small to hold or see
without a microscope.
The red piece the
woman is holding is an
insulin gene from a
human being. It is being
combined with DNA
from a bacteria.
Creates recombinant
DNA, something that
has never existed
Benefits:
◼Insulin is cheaper
◼There are no side
effects because it is
human insulin.
◼We once used pig
insulin but there are
side effects and it’s
more expensive.
How are genes cut for gene splicing?
◼A bacterial plasmid is used.

◼Plasmid: circular DNA in a bacteria cell.

◼It is very simple and easy to manipulate.
◼ A restriction enzyme: enzyme that cuts the DNA at a specific code.
◼ There are thousands of restriction enzymes.
◼ Each cuts DNA at a different sequence.
◼ Some look for GGCC and cut in between the G and C.
◼ Every time GGCC is found in the DNA it is cut by the restriction enzyme

DNA Code:

◼TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
◼AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
◼ TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT

◼ AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA

◼ TTATGG CCATACGG CCTT

◼ AATACC GGTATGCC GGAA

◼ This DNA segment was cut twice creating three fragments.

◼ Since every one is different, we all have a different amount of times GGCC is found.

◼ My DNA may be cut seven times

◼ Yours may be cut ten times.

THIS IS HOW A RESTRICTION ENZYME
WORKS
How is gene
splicing done?
1. A restriction
enzyme cuts the
insulin gene out of
the human DNA.

2. A plasmid is
removed from a
bacteria and cut
with a restriction
enzyme
3. The human gene is place into the bacteria plasmid
4. The plasmid is placed back into the bacteria.
◼ The cell now has directions (DNA) to make insulin.
◼ That's exactly what it does.
◼ Its human insulin, bacteria do not make insulin on their own.

Plasmid with
insulin gene
◼ This is called transformation: when a gene from one organism is
transferred to different organism.
◼ The organisms that have DNA transferred to them are called transgenic
organisms.

◼ trans: means different,

◼ genic: refers to genes

◼ Genetic engineering has given rise to a new technological field called

biotechnology (technology of life).
1. Transgenic (GMO) animals:
genes inserted into
animals so they produce
what humans need.
◼ Why?: A way to improve the
food supply:
A. Transgenic cows: gene
inserted to increase milk
production.
B. Spider goat: gene from spider inserted
into goat.
◼Goats makes silk of the spider web in
their milk. SPIDERMAN BE REAL?
COULD
◼Flexible, stronger than steel. Used in
bullet proof jackets.

?
C. Glow-in-the-dark
cats 
◼Scientist used a virus
to insert DNA from
jellyfish
◼The gene made the
cat produce a
fluorescent protein
in its fur.  
2. Transgenic bacteria: gene inserted into bacteria so they
produce things humans need.
◼ For example: insulin and clotting factors in blood are now
made by bacteria.
3. Transgenic plants: plants are given genes so they meet human
needs.

A. Transgenic corn: given a gene so corn produces a natural

pesticide.
Now they don’t have to be sprayed with cancer causing pesticides.
◼ 25% of all corn is like this.
B. Venomous cabbage
◼ gene from a scorpion tails
inserted into cabbage.
◼ Cabbage now produces that
chemical.
◼ Why? Limit pesticide use
while still preventing insects
from damaging crops.
◼ Corporations state the toxin
is modified so it isn’t harmful
to humans.
C. Banana vaccines
◼ virus is injected into a banana,
the virus DNA becomes part of
the plant.
◼ As the plant grows, it produces
the virus proteins — but not the
disease part of the virus.

◼ When people eat a bite, their

immune systems creates
antibodies to fight the disease —
just like a traditional vaccine

◼ Vaccines for hepatitis and cholera

◼ A virus is often used to deliver DNA.
◼ In the movie “I Am Legend,” A healthy gene was
inserted into a virus.
◼ The virus invaded the cancer cells and inserts the
healthy gene to cure cancer.
◼ Worked at first but the virus mutated and
became deadly.
◼ This is being attempted in real life.
◼Gene therapy: when disease causing
genes are cut out and good gene are
inserted.
◼Restriction enzymes are used to cut out
bad genes.
◼Viruses are used to insert good genes.
◼Not approved for human use yet.
◼Some possible side effects.
4. Gel electrophoresis: a technique used to compare DNA
from two or more organisms.

Why compare DNA:

1. Find your baby’s daddy

2. Who committed a crime.

3. How closely species are related.

How is electrophoresis
done?
A. The DNA is cut into
fragments with a
restriction enzyme.
B. The cut DNA is then
put into the wells of
a machine filled with
gel.
◼The gel is spongy
and the DNA
squeezes through
the pores.
C. The machine is plugged in and the fragments
get separated based on their size.
◼The smaller fragments move further than the
large.
 Separation of DNA based on
size of fragments.

◼ Electrophoresis results

Final result of electrophoresis

◼ Electricity provides the energy

◼ Why does DNA move?

◼ DNA has a negative charge.

◼ When the machine is plugged it, its moves towards the

positive pole created by the electricity
ELECTROPHORESIS
Your DNA is so unique its considered to be a DNA fingerprint.

Gel electrophoresis will separate your DNA differently from anyone else.

Nova: who done it

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_int_creatednafp2/
◼ Genetic engineering creates organisms with
recombinant DNA.
◼ Recombinant DNA: when DNA is combined from at
least two organisms.

Which techniques create recombinant DNA

1. Sexual reproduction: natural
2. selective breeding
3. Hybridization
4. Gene splicing
◼Does cloning create organisms with
recombinant DNA?
◼No, the DNA from one organism is
copied.
◼DNA is not recombined.
 Induced
Mutation
• How?
Chemicals and
Radiation
• Why? Increase
Variation

(Place in notes!)
(Place in notes!)
Gel Electrophorsis
 List the sequence of DNA
Fingerprinting in your notes!
 Gel Electro/phore/sis
1. What role does the gel play in gel
electrophoresis?
2. What role does the electro (electricity)
play in this process?
1. What is the name of the
enzyme responsible for
cutting the DNA into
fragments?
2. Are all the DNA fragments
the same length?
3. What pushes the DNA fragments
through the gel?
4. Which DNA fragment (short
or long) do you think would
move through the gel faster?
1. Is DNA a positive or negative charged molecule?
2. The DNA fragments of different sizes migrate toward the ____
end.
3. Are the fragments shorter or longer near the wells? At the end?
1. Whose blood is at the crime scene?
2. Whose hair is at the crime scene?
3. Would the DNA be the same in hair and blood?
4. Does the suspect’s blood match the CS blood?
1. What does paternity mean?
2. Why would a paternity test be done?
3. Who is the babies daddy?
Uses of DNA Fingerprinting
(Place in Notes)
 Question
Which technique would most likely be used by forensic
scientists?
A. gene cloning
B. gene therapy
C. DNA fingerprinting
D. karyotyping

Which deals with the transmission of inherited traits from

one generation to another?
A. anatomy
B. genetics
C. ecology
D. forensics
 PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction)