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5 Sampling Technique and Sample Size

This document discusses sampling methods and sample size calculation formulas. It describes two main types of sampling: probability sampling (e.g. simple random sampling, stratified random sampling) which involves random selection, and non-probability sampling (e.g. convenience sampling, purposive sampling) which does not use random selection. It also explains Slovin's formula and Cochran's formula for calculating sample sizes, noting limitations of Slovin's formula for heterogeneous populations.

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120 views11 pages

5 Sampling Technique and Sample Size

This document discusses sampling methods and sample size calculation formulas. It describes two main types of sampling: probability sampling (e.g. simple random sampling, stratified random sampling) which involves random selection, and non-probability sampling (e.g. convenience sampling, purposive sampling) which does not use random selection. It also explains Slovin's formula and Cochran's formula for calculating sample sizes, noting limitations of Slovin's formula for heterogeneous populations.

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cluadine dineros
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Philippine Christian University

Graduate School of Business and Management

Master in Management major in


Public Administration

Management Research
Ruben A. Sanchez, Ed.D, DPA
Associate Professor 2
Sampling
Is a process of selection.
Advantages of Sampling

1. Can save money

2. Easy to work with smaller

3. Can save time

4. Greater Accuracy
Target Population - entire group a researcher is interested in.

Sampled population - collection of elements from which the sample is taken

Sampling frame - list of sampling units


Two Types of Sampling
A. Probability Sampling or Random Sampling
 process in which the different units in the
population have equal probabilities of being chosen.

random selection - is performed by selecting a group of subjects (a


sample) for study from a larger group (a population).

Note: By using a random selection, the likelihood of bias is reduced

B. Non-Probability Sampling or non-random sampling

 does not involve random selection of samples.


Types of Probability Sampling or Random Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling


 it is the basic sampling technique where a group of
subjects (a sample) is selected for study from a larger
group (a population).
Note: The most common techniques are by using strips of paper, the use
of a printed table of random numbers, or the use of random numbers
generated by many computer programs or scientific calculators

2. Stratified Random Sampling


 this sampling method involves dividing the population
into homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple
random sample in each subgroup
3. Systematic Random Sampling
 method of selecting a sample by taking every kth unit
from the population, the first unit is selected at random.
Here k is called the sampling interval and the reciprocal
1/k is the sampling fraction.

4. Cluster Random Sampling


 this sampling method involves dividing the population
into a cluster, usually along geographic boundaries, then
randomly taking samples of clusters, and measuring all
units within sampled clusters.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling or Non-Random Sampling

1. Accidental, Haphazard, or Convenience Sampling


 this is one of the most common methods of sampling
which is primarily based on the convenience of the
researcher. Most examples are interviews conducted
frequently by television news programs to get a quick
(although non-representative) reading of the public
opinion.

2. Purposive Sampling
 samples are taken with a purpose in mind. Usually, one
or more specific predefined groups are sought
All of the methods below can be considered subcategories of
purposive sampling methods

Modal Instance Sampling Quota Sampling

Expert Sampling Heterogeneity Sampling

Snowball Sampling
Sample Size
When it is not possible to study an entire population
(such as the population of the Philippines), a smaller sample
is taken using a random sampling technique. Slovin’s

formula allows a researcher to sample the population with a


desired degree of accuracy. The formula gives the researcher
an idea of how large the sample size needs to be to ensure a
reasonable accuracy of results.
This formula is appropriate in the event of complete
ignorance about the behavior of the population
𝑛= N where N = population size and e = error tolerance.
1+𝑁𝑒2
Limitations of Slovin's Sample Size Formula. Slovin's formula
calculates the number of samples required when the population is too large to
directly sample every member. Slovin's formula works for simple random
sampling. If the population to be sampled has obvious subgroups, Slovin's
formula could be applied to each group instead of the whole group. Consider
the example problem. If all 1,000 employees work in offices, the survey results
would most likely reflect the needs of the entire group. If instead, 700 of the
employees work in offices while the other 300 do maintenance work, their
needs will differ. In this case, a single survey might not provide the data
required whereas sampling each group would provide more accurate results.
Another formula is Cochrans’ Sample Size Formula.
It is used for a large heterogeneous population. Your
confidence level corresponds to a Z-score. This is a constant
value needed for this equation. Here are the z-scores for the
most common confidence levels: 90% – Z Score = 1.645 95% –

Z Score = 1.96 99% – Z Score = 2.576 If you choose a different


confidence level, various online tools can help you find your
score.

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