Mobile Computing

What Is Mobile Computing?

What is computing?
Operation of computers

What is the mobile?

That someone /something can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place

What is mobile computing?

Users with portable computers still have network connections while they move

A simple definition could be:

Mobile Computing is using a computer (of one kind or another) while on the move

Mobile Computing is an umbrella term used to describe technologies that enable people to //access network services anyplace,
anytime, and anywhere.

Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled
device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.

Another definition could be:

Mobile Computing is when a (work) process is moved from a normal fixed position to a more dynamic position.
History and Evolution of Mobile Computing:
History and Evolution of Mobile Computing:
History and Evolution of Mobile Computing:

The main idea of Mobile computing was evolving since the 1990s. It has evolved from two-way
radios to modern day communication devices.

1.Portable Computers
A portable computer is a computer that is designed in a way that you can move it from one place
to another. It includes a display and a keyboard.
2. Personal Digital Assistant/Enterprise Digital Assistant (PDA or EDA)

A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is also known as a palmtop computer. Sometimes, it is also called Enterprise Digital Assistant
(EDA). A personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a mobile device used to function as a personal information manager or a personal
data assistant. Its name, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), was evolved from Personal Desktop Assistant, a software term for an
application that prompts or prods the user of a computer with suggestions or provides a quick reference to contacts and other
lists.
3. Ultra-Mobile PC
An ultra-mobile PC was a small form factor version of a pen computer. It was a class of laptops
whose specifications were launched by Microsoft and Intel in 2006.

4. Laptop
A laptop is a small, portable personal computer (PC) built in a foldable device. A laptop typically has a thin LCD or LED
 computer screen mounted on the inside of the clamshell's upper lid and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the
lower lid. Laptops are easy to carry for transportation, and that's why they are best suitable for mobile use.
5. Smartphone

A smartphone is a mobile device that combines cellular and mobile computing functions into one unit. The smartphones
are invented to provide more advanced computing capability and connectivity than basic feature phones.

Smartphones are different from basic feature phones by their more robust hardware capabilities and extensive mobile
operating systems, which facilitate more comprehensive software, internet i.e., web browsing over mobile broadband, and
multimedia functionality i.e., music, video, cameras, and gaming etc., along with the core phone functions such as voice
calls and text messaging.

IBM Simon Personal Communicator thought to be the first smartphone in the world. Below is the image of IBM Simon
Personal Communicator.
Early smartphones were invented and marketed as attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone personal digital
assistant (PDA) devices with support for cellular telephony but were limited by their bulky form, short battery life, slow, analog
cellular networks, and the immaturity of wireless data services. But now, smartphones have the latest features of computers,
more than one camera, advanced OS, bigger RAM and ROM. Now, they are also built with some artificial intelligence features
such as unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners, waterproof with IP67 and IP68 ratings and many other endless
features.

Examples of new generation smartphone:

6. Tablet Computers

A tablet computer is generally known as a tablet. It is a mobile computer with a mobile operating system and a touch-screen
display processing circuit, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat unit. Tablets can do what other personal
computers can do, but they don't have some input/output (I/O) abilities that computers have. Nowadays, tablets are very
much similar to modern smartphones. The only difference is that tablets are relatively larger than smartphones, with screens
7 inches or larger and may not support a cellular network.

First-generation iPad and Sony Z2 Android were the early examples of tablets.

7. Wearable computers
Wearable computers are a type of computer that can be worn by the bearer under, with or on top of
clothing. They are also known as body-borne computers or wearables, which are small electronic
devices. Some examples of wearable computers are smartwatches, digital fitness bands etc.

E-reader
An e-reader is also called an e-book reader or e-book device. It is a mobile electronic device that is
mainly designed to read digital e-books. A right e-reader provides great portability, readability,
and battery life. The main advantages of e-readers over printed books are portability. A average e-
reader can hold thousands of books while weighing less than one book. The best example of an E-
reader is a Kindle.
Mobile Computing is an umbrella term used to describe technologies that enable people to access network
services anyplace, anytime, and anywhere.

Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other
wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.

The communication device moves, many mechanism in the network and inside the device have to make sure that the
communication is still possible while the device is moving. The main concept of mobile computing involves −

•Mobile communication

•Mobile hardware

•Mobile software
Mobile communication The mobile communication in this case, refers to the infrastructure put in place to ensure that
seamless and reliable communication goes on. These would include devices such as protocols, services, bandwidth, and
portals necessary to facilitate and support the stated services. The data format is also defined at this stage. This ensures
that there is no collision with other existing systems which offer the same service.

Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the overlaying infrastructure is basically

radio wave oriented. That is, the signals are carried over the air to intended devices
that are capable of receiving and sending similar kinds of signals.

// Mobile Communication is the framework that is responsible behind the working of

mobile computing technology.

It ensures the consistency and reliability of communication process through this

framework.

//Mobile communication framework includes communication devise such as mobiles,

laptops. They are responsible for delivering of smooth communication process.

Mobile communication can be of one of the following form as mentioned below.

A communication device can exhibit any one of the following characteristics
Fixed and Wired: In Fixed and Wired configuration, the devices are fixed at a position, and they are
connected through a physical link to communicate with other devices.

For Example, Desktop Computer.

Fixed and Wireless: In Fixed and Wireless configuration, the devices are fixed at a position, and they
are connected through a wireless link to make communication with other devices.

For Example, Communication Towers, WiFi router

Mobile and Wired: In Mobile and Wired configuration, some devices are wired, and some are mobile.
They altogether make communication with other devices.

For Example, Laptops.

Mobile and Wireless: In Mobile and Wireless configuration, the devices can communicate with each
other irrespective of their position. They can also connect to any network without the use of any wired
device.
For Example, WiFi Dongle.
Mobile Hardware Mobile hardware includes mobile devices that receive or access the service of mobility.

They would range from portable laptops, smartphones, tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants.

These devices will have a receptor medium that is capable of sensing and receiving signals.

These devices are configured to operate in full duplex, whereby they are capable of sending and receiving signals at the
same time.

They don't have to wait until one device has finished communicating for the other device to initiate communications.
Above mentioned devices use an existing and established network to operate on. In most cases, it would be a wireless
network.
Mobile software

Mobile software is the actual program that runs on the mobile hardware. It deals with the characteristics and
requirements of mobile applications. This is the engine of the mobile device. In other terms, it is the operating system
of the appliance. It's the essential component that operates the mobile device.

Since portability is the main factor, this type of computing ensures that users are not tied or pinned to a single physical
location, but are able to operate from anywhere. It incorporates all aspects of wireless communications.
Generations of wireless communication
• Communication is the integral parts of science which has been focused on exchanging information from one
point to another.

• The term communication was first introduced after the discovery of telephones which later replaced the
telegrams and letters.

• Presently communication is the backbone of the society. Wireless communication which burgeons in late 90's
has pervasive all over the world in terms of mobile technology and subscribers using it.

• Wireless communication has undergone technological advances from 1G in later 80's to 4G in 2010.

• At present the new technology 5G has promised revolutionary changes in communication with its
advancement in technology to speed up the communication in lightening speed.
3G has improved the communication a lot in last decade. This rapid growth of wireless communication increased
demands in network efficiency and speed of communication.

The first generation wireless mobiles used Analog technology for communication which had many draw backs due to
heavy devices and patchy coverage.

The present wireless generation is built using Digital Technology carry more traffic and posses greater efficiency than
Analog signals.
 Generations of Mobile Networks

We have made very huge improvements in wireless communication and have expanded the capabilities of
our wireless communication system. We all have seen various generations in our life. Let’s discuss them
one by one.
First Generation (1G)
First generation mobile networks were reliant upon analogue radio systems which meant that// users could only
make phone calls, they couldn’t send or receive text messages. The 1G network was first introduced in Japan in
1979

In order to make it work, cell towers were built around the country which meant that signal coverage could be
obtained from greater distances. However, the network was unreliable and had some security issues. For
instance, cell coverage would often drop, it would experience interference by other radio signals and due to a lack
of encryption, it could easily be hacked. This means that with a few tools, conversations could be heard and
recorded.

1G (1st Generation) :
⮚ First time calling was introduced in mobile systems.
⮚ It used analog signals.
⮚ It used FDD scheme and typically allocated bandwidth of 25 Mhz.
⮚ Coverage area was small.
⮚ No roaming support between various operators.
⮚ Low sound quality.
⮚ Speed :- 24 kbps.
Second Generation (2G)
The 1G network was not perfect, but it remained until remained until 1991 when it was replaced with 2G.
This new mobile network ran on digital signal, not analogue, which vastly improved its security but also its
capacity. On 2G, users could send SMS and MMS messages (although slowly and often without success)
and when GPRS was introduced in 1997, users could receive and send emails on the move.

2G (2nd Generation) :
⮚ Shifted from analog to digital.
⮚ It supported voice and SMS both.
⮚ Supported all 4 sectors of wireless industry namely Digital cellular, Mobile Data, PCS, WLAN,
⮚ //Moderate mobile data service.
⮚ 2G WLAN provided high data rate &// large area coverage.
⮚ Speed :- 64 kbps.
⮚ 2.5G came after 2G which used the concept of GPRS. Streaming was also introduced and mail services
too.
⮚ Then came 2.75G or EDGE which was faster in providing services then 2.5G. It gave faster internet speed
upto 128kbps and also used edge connection.
 Third Generation (3G)
Third generation mobile networks are still in use today, but normally when the superior 4G signal fails. 3G
revolutionized mobile connectivity and the capabilities of cell-phones. In comparison to 2G, 3G was much
faster and could transmit greater amounts of data. This means that//// users could video call, share files, surf
the internet, watch TV online and play online games on their mobiles for the first time. Under 3G, cell-phones
where no longer just about calling and texting, they were the hub of social connectivity.

3G (3rd Generation) :
⮚ Internet system was improved.
⮚ Better system and capacity.
⮚ Offers high speed wireless internet.
⮚ Speed :- 2mbps.
Fourth Generation (4G)
The introduction of 4G went one step further than the revolutionary 3G.// It’s five times faster than the 3G
network – and can in theory provide speeds of up to 100Mbps. All mobile models released from 2013
onwards should support this network, which can offer connectivity for tablets and laptops as well as
smartphones. ///Under 4G, users can experience better latency (less buffering), higher voice quality, easy
access to instant messaging services and social media, quality streaming and make faster downloads.

4G (4th Generation) :
⮚ IP based protocols.
⮚ LTE (Long term evaluation) was mainly for internet.
⮚ Vo-LTE (Voice over LTE) is for both voice and internet.
⮚ Freedom and flexibility to select any desired service with reasonable QOS.
⮚ High usability.
⮚ Supports multimedia service at low transmission cost.
⮚ HD quality Streaming.
⮚ Speed :-100mbps.
Fifth Generation (5G)
The 5G network is on its way and is widely anticipated by the mobile industry. Many experts claim that the
network will change not just how we use our mobiles, but how we connect our devices to the internet. The
improved speed and capacity of the network will signal new IoT trends, such as connected cars, smart cities
and IoT in the home and office.

5G (5th Generation) :
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It is yet to come in many countries but here are some notable points about 5G .
⮚ /Higher data rates rates.
⮚ /Connectivity will be more fast and secure,
⮚ Data Latency will be reduced to a great level.
⮚ /Massive network capacity.
⮚ /It is 30 times faster than 4G.
⮚ /There would be more flexibility in the network.
Characteristics of Mobile computing

1. Portability - The Ability to move a device within a learning environment or to different

environments with ease.

2. Social Interactivity - The ability to share data and collaboration between users.

3. Context Sensitivity - The ability to gather and respond to real or simulated data unique to a
current location, environment, or time.

4. Connectivity - The ability to be digitally connected for the purpose of communication of

data in any environment.

5. Individual - The ability to use the technology to provide scaffolding on difficult activities
and lesson customization for individual learners.
6. Small Size - Mobile devices are also known as handhelds, palmtops and smart phones due to their roughly
phone-like dimensions.
A typical mobile device will fit in the average adult's hand or pocket. Some mobile devices may fold or slide from a
compact, portable mode to a slightly larger size, revealing built-in keyboards or larger screens.

Mobile devices make use of touch screens and small keypads to receive input, maintaining their small size and
independence from external interface devices.

The standard form of a mobile device allows the user to operate it with one hand, holding the device in the palm or
fingers while executing its functions with the thumb.

7. Wireless Communication - Mobile devices are typically capable of communication with other similar devices,
with stationary computers and systems, with networks and portable phones.

Base mobile devices are capable of accessing the Internet through Bluetooth or Wi-Fi networks, and many models
are equipped to access cell phone and wireless data networks as well.

Email and texting are standard ways of communicating with mobile devices, although many are also capable of
telephony, and some specialized mobile devices, such as RFID and barcode.
Principles of Mobile Computing
The following factors have been identified as the Principles of Mobile Computing.

Portability
Devices/nodes connected within the mobile computing system should facilitate mobility. These devices may have limited
device capabilities and limited power supply, but should have a sufficient processing capability and physical portability to
operate in a movable environment.

Connectivity
This defines the Quality of Service (QoS) of the network connectivity. In a mobile computing system, the network
availability is expected to be maintained at a high level with the minimal amount of lag/downtime without being affected
by the mobility of the connected nodes.

Interactivity
The nodes belonging to a mobile computing system are connected with one another to communicate and collaborate
through active transactions of data.

Individuality
A portable device or a mobile node connected to a mobile network often denote an individual; a mobile computing system
should be able to adopt the technology to cater the individual needs and also to obtain contextual information of each node.
mobile computing architecture:

A 3-tier architecture is an application program that is organized into three major parts,

comprising of: 1. The data access layer tier at the bottom,

2. The application tier (business logic) in the middle and
3.The client tier (presentation) at the top.
Each tier is distributed to a different place or places in a network. These tiers do not necessarily correspond to physical locations on various
computers on a network, but rather to logical layers of the application.

1. Presentation Layer (UI):

⮚ This layer presents data to the user and optionally permits data manipulation and data entry, also this layer requests the data form Business
layer.

⮚ This layer accomplished through use of Dynamic HTML and client-side data sources and data cursors.

2. Business Logic Layer: The business logic acts as the server for client requests from workstations. It acts according Business rules fetch or insert
data through the Data Layer.

⮚ In turn, it determines what data is needed (and where it is located) and acts as a client in relation to a third tier of programming that might be
located on a local or mainframe computer.

⮚ Because these middle-tier components are not tied to a specific client, they can be used by all applications and can be moved to different
locations, as response time and other rules require.

3. Data Access Layer: The third tier of the 3-tier system is made up of the DBMS that provides all the data for the above two layers.
This is the actual DBMS access layer.

⮚ Avoiding dependencies on the storage mechanisms allows for updates or changes without the application tier clients being affected by or even
aware of the change
Mobile Computing Applications :

1. Traffic:

During traveling in traffic if we require to know road situation, latest news and when if feel more stress in driving
then can play music and other important broadcast data are received through digital audio broadcasting(DAB). If
we forget the road then we can know our exact location with the help of global positioning system (GPS).In case
if got accident then can to inform police and ambulance via an emergency call to the service provider, which help
to improve organization and save time & money.

2. Emergencies Situation:

To play a vital role in the medical sector can hire an ambulance with great quality wireless connection and help of
this can carry significant information about injured persons. The useful step can prepare for a particular accident
and doctor can be consulted for diagnosis. Only Wireless networks work of communication in nature disaster 2
such as earthquakes, tsunami, flood, and fire. In worst conditions only decentralized, wireless ad-hoc networks
survive. Means that can handle Emergencies situation by mobile computing easily.
3. Use in Business:

As per business point of view CEO help of this computing system can represent the presentation at the front of their
clients while can access hot news of the market. Help of video conference could be discuss at the topic without
hindrance any time.
Another side if traveling salesman wants to access the company database as per requirement then can be retrieved
data on his wireless device and maintain the consistency company‘s database. Cause of these every employee are
updated up to date.

4. Credit Card Verification:

Credit card verification using this computing most secure. In respect of Sale terminals(POS) when customer buy
items in malls and other small shops when and pay bill in the form of swap credit card for transactions then need to
establish network in between POS terminal and bank central computer then over protected cellular network verify
the credential information of card fast ly, if match it then proceed further otherwise denied get boost up speed of
transaction process and relieve the burden at the POS network.
5.Replacement of Fixed Networks: Wired network has been replaced in wireless network e.g. trade shows, remote
sensors and historical buildings. in wired networks, weather forecasting, earthquake detection and to get environmental
data are impossible. This is possible only in adapting the replacement of fixed networks in this computing.

6. Infotainment: Wireless networks are capable to deliver the latest information at any suitable regions and can
download knowledge about concert at morning through wireless network that concert is conducting in any region as well
as Another growing field of wireless network applications lies in entertainment and games to enable, e.g., ad-hoc gaming
networks as soon as people meet to play together. So Infotainment by wireless computing is more easy.

7.Web or Internet access.

8.Global Position System(GPS).
9.Emergency services.
10.Entertainment services
11.Educational services.
Limitations of Mobile Computing

1. Deficient Bandwidth: Mobile web access is usually slower than direct cable connections, victimization technologies
like GPRS and EDGE, and additional recently 3G networks. These networks are typically accessible at intervals vary of
economic mobile phone towers. Higher speed wireless LANs are cheap however have terribly restricted vary.

2. Security Standards: once operating mobile, one relies on public networks, requiring careful use of Virtual personal
Network (VPN). Security could be a major concern whereas regarding the mobile computing standards on the fleet.

3. 3. Power consumption: once an influence outlet or moveable generator is not accessible, mobile computers should
swear entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of the many mobile devices, this typically means that
uncover priced batteries should be accustomed get the required battery life. Mobile computing should additionally look
at Greener IT, in such the simplest way that it saves the ability or will increase the battery life.
4. Transmission interferences: Weather, terrain, and also differ from the closest signal purpose will all interfere with signal
response. Reception in tunnels, some structures, and rural areas is usually poor.

5. Potential health hazards: those that use mobile devices whereas driving are usually distracted from driving are so assumed
additional probably to be concerned in traffic accidents. Cell phones could interfere with sensitive medical devices. There are
allegations that mobile phone signals could cause health issues.

6. Human interface with mechanism: Screens and keyboards are likely to be little, which can create them exhausting to use.
Alternate input strategies like speech or handwriting recognition need coaching.

Resource constraints: Battery

Interference: Radio transmission cannot be protected against interference using shielding and result in higher loss rates for
transmitted data or higher bit error rates respectively

Bandwidth: Although they are continuously increasing, transmission rates are still very low for wireless devices compared to
desktop systems. Researchers look for more efficient communication protocols with low overhead.

Dynamic changes in communication environment: variations in signal power within a region, thus link delays and
connection losses
Network Issues: discovery of the connection-service to destination and connection stability
Interoperability issues: the varying protocol standards

Security constraints: Not only can portable devices be stolen more easily. Wireless access must always include
encryption, authentication, and other security mechanisms that must be efficient and simple to use.
Advantages : Mobile Computing Technology

1.Increasing productivity — Mobile devices can be used in the field of various instruments, so reducing time and cost for
customers and themselves.
2. Entertainment — For entertainment purposes, mobile devices can be used for both people and customers for personal
and even presentations.

3. Portability — The main advantages of this, you are not bound to one Zone . It help to access any wireless devices
without place boundation.

4. Cloud Computing — This service is available to save documents on online servers and whenever you make a
connection to the Internet, they are able to access them at anytime and anywhere and these files can be used for many
mobile devices or even That can also access on PC.

5.Device Mobility:

6 .Better Productivity: Due to mobility, we can work from remote areas.. it will improve productivity

.
Enhanced Productivity
We can use mobile devices in various companies, which can reduce the time and cost for clients and themselves and
enhance the productivity of the company.

Location Flexibility
This technology facilitates users to work efficiently and effectively from whichever location they want to do their tasks. So, a
user can work without being in a fixed position. This facility makes them able to carry out numerous tasks at the same time
and also benefitted the company.
Saves Time
The location flexibility facility of mobile computing makes it time-saving. It cuts down the time consumed or wasted while
traveling from different locations or to the office and back. It facilitates users to access all the essential documents and files
over a secure channel and work on their computers. It has also reduced many unnecessary incurred expenses.
Support Cloud Computing
By using mobile Computing technology, you can save your documents on an online server and access them anytime and
anywhere when you have an internet connection. You can access these files on several mobiles simultaneously.
Entertainment
Nowadays, mobile devices can be used as an entertainment source. They provide a lot of entertainment facilities to their
users.
Besides the above advantages, it provides some other facilities such as Device Mobility, Simple Framework, easy and simple
infrastructure etc.
Disadvantage of Mobile Computing :
⮚ Battery consumption hindrance
⮚ Interference is persisted in shielding.
⮚ Inefficient bandwidth in transmission.
⮚ Connection losses over entire network.
⮚ Network stability.
⮚ Interoperability problem.
⮚ Protection constraints.