Lecture 4

Air Conditioning Processes & Cycles

BSE2201 – Air Conditioning I

Dr. Wen Tao ([email protected])

Department of Building Services Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

1
Learning Outcomes
 By the end of this lecture, you should be able to
 Define air conditioning process
 Define sensible heat, latent heat, and sensible heat ratio
 Describe the various air conditioning processes
 Sensible cooling and heating processes
 Two-stream adiabatic mixing processes
 Cooling and dehumidifying process
 Bypass-mixing process
 Construct a basic air conditioning cycle for summer

2
Introduction
 Air conditioning process
 It describes the energy and mass transfer between conditioned
moist air and the surrounding, as well as the resulting change in
the physical properties of the moist air
 Energy balance and conservation of mass are the two important
principles used in the analysis and the calculation of this change
of physical properties in the air conditioning processes
 Showing air conditioning processes on the psychrometric chart is
helpful in selecting equipment and in analyzing problems
 These processes are shown by drawing a line from the initial state
point of the air to its final state point

3
Change of Heat Energy
 Consider the air conditioning process represented by line sr

4
Change of Heat Energy
 Change of heat energy from initial state point s and final
state point r

Q  m a  hr  hs    sVs  hr  hs   kW 
where m a = mass flow rate of dry air actually present in the moist air
s
(kg/s)
Vs = density of air at initial state point s (kg/m3)
= volume flow rate of air at initial state point s (m3/s)
hr, hs = enthalpy of air at initial state point s and final state point r
respectively (kJ/kg)

5
Change of Heat Energy
 Since h   c pa  wc pv t  wh fg ,0  c p t  wh fg ,0 , then

the enthalpy of moist air at point s: hs  c p t s  ws h fg ,0

the enthalpy of moist air at point r: hr  c p t r  wr h fg , 0
Q  m a  hr  hs 

 Q  m a  c p t r  wr h fg , 0    c p t s  ws h fg , 0  
 Q  m c  t  t   m  w  w  h
a p r s a r s fg , 0

i.e. Total heat = Sensible heat ( Q s) + Latent heat ( Q l )

6
Sensible Heat
 It is the amount of heat energy associated with a change
in the temperature of moist air

Q s  m a c p  t r  t s 

where
Q s = sensible heat (kW)
tr, ts = temperature of
moist air at initial state
point r and final state
point s respectively (°C)

7
Latent Heat
 It is the amount of heat energy associated with a change
in the enthalpy of moist air when water vapour is either
added to or removed from the moist air during
vaporization of liquid water or the condensation of
water vapour
 When water vapour is added to moist air, the latent heat of moist
air will increase, which means that the latent heat of
vaporization is required in this process
 When water vapour is removed from moist air, the latent heat of
moist air will decrease, which means that the latent heat of
condensation is released in this process

8
Latent Heat

Q l  m a  wr  ws  h fg , 0
where
Q l = latent heat (kW)
wr, ws = humidity ratio of
moist air at state points r and s
respectively
hfg,0 = latent heat of
vaporization or condensation
at 0°C (kJ/kg) = 2501 kJ/kg

9
Sensible Heat Ratio
 It is the ratio of the absolute value of sensible heat to the
sum of the absolute values of sensible and latent heat

Q s m a c p  t r  t s 
SHR  
Q s  Q l m a c p  t r  t s   m a  wr  ws  h fg , 0
1

h fg , 0 wr  ws
1 
cp tr  t s

10
SHR

11
Sign Convention
 For calculations involving a single air conditioning
process
 the sign for heat transfer is positive,
i.e. t , h, w or h fg ,0 is positive
 For calculations involving several air conditioning
processes
 the heat supplied to the moist air is positive
 the heat rejected from the moist air is negative

12
Air Conditioning Processes
A. Humidifying only (Ta →, w↑)
B. Heating and humidifying (Ta↑, w↑)
C. Sensible heating only (Ta ↑, w →)
D. Chemical dehumidifying (Ta ↑, w↓)

Humidity ratio
A E. Dehumidifying only (Ta →, w ↓)
H B
F. Cooling and dehumidifying (Ta ↓, w ↓)
G C G. Sensible cooling only (Ta ↓, w →)
H. Evaporative cooling only (Ta ↓, w↑)
F D
E I. Adiabatic mixing
J. Bypass mixing
Dry bulb temperature
K. Space conditioning

13
Space Conditioning Process
 It is an air conditioning process during which heat and
moisture are either
a. Absorbed by the supply air and removed from the space, or
b. Supplied to the space to compensate for the transmission loss
through building structures
in order to maintain a desirable space temperature and
relative humidity
 It is assumed that the kinetic energy difference between
the supply inlet s and the return exit r is negligible and
no work is being done during the process

14
 Space Conditioning Process
 By the steady-flow
energy equation,

m a hs  Q rc  m a hr
 Q  m  h  h
rc a r s 
where
hs, hr = enthalpy of supply air
and space air (kJ/kg)
Space conditioning process during which heat Q rc = heat to be removed from
is absorbed by the supply air and removed the conditioned space, i.e. the
from the space is represented by line sr space cooling load (kW)

15
 Space Conditioning Process
 Consider the mass
balance of water vapour,

m a ws  m v  m a wr
→ m v  m a  wr  ws 
where
m v= rate of moisture gain in the
space (kg/s)
ws, wr = humidity ratio at inlet s and
Space conditioning process during which
exit r respectively (kg/kg dry air)
moisture is absorbed by the supply air and
removed from the space is represented by line sr

16
 Space Conditioning Process
 By the steady-flow
energy equation,

m a hs  m a hr   Q rh
 Q rh  m a  hs  hr  
where
hs’, hr’ = enthalpy of supply air
and space air (kJ/kg)
Space conditioning process during which heat Q rh = heat to be supplied to the
is supplied to compensate for loss through conditioned space, i.e. the
structures is represented by line s’r’ space heating load (kW)

17
 Space Conditioning Process
 Consider the mass
balance of water vapour,

m a ws  m v  m a wr 
 m v  m a  wr   ws 
where
m v= rate of moisture gain in the
space (kg/s)
ws’, wr’ = humidity ratio at inlet s
Space conditioning process during which and exit r respectively (kg/kg dry
moisture is supplied to compensate for loss air)
through structures is represented by line s’r’

18
Sensible Cooling Process
 It is an air conditioning process during which heat is
removed from the moist air resulting in a drop of its
temperature while maintaining the humidity ratio of the
moist air constant
 It occurs when moist air is flowing through a cooling coil,
with its surface temperature higher than the dew point of
the air, resulting in a transfer of heat from the moist air to
the chilled water inside the cooling coil
 The rate of this heat transfer is called the sensible coil’s
load (kW)

19
Sensible Cooling Process
 Sensible coil’s load
Q cs  m a  h1  h2 
 m a c p  t1  t 2 

since (i) h  c p t  wh fg , 0 ,
(ii) Assuming cp1 = cp2 ,
(iii) w1 = w2
where
h1, h2 = enthalpy of moist air
Sensible cooling process is entering and leaving the coil
represented by line 12 respectively (kJ/kg)

20
Sensible Heating Process
 It is an air conditioning process during which heat is
added to the moist air resulting in a rise of its
temperature while maintaining the humidity ratio of
moist air constant
 It occurs when moist air is flowing through a heating coil
resulting in a transfer of heat from the hot water inside the
heating coil to the moist air
 The rate of this heat transfer is called the heating coil’s
load (kW)

21
Sensible Heating Process
 Heating coil’s load

Q ch  m a  h2  h1 
 m a c p  t 2  t1 
since (i) h  c p t  wh fg , 0 ,
(ii) Assuming cp1’ = cp2’,
(iii) w1’ = w2’
where
h1’, h2’ = enthalpy of moist air
Sensible heating process is entering and leaving the coil
represented by line 1’2’ respectively (kJ/kg)

22
Two-stream Adiabatic Mixing Process
 It is an air conditioning process during which two moist
air streams are mixed together adiabatically to form a
uniform mixture
 It occurs during the mixing of return and outdoor air
streams or the mixing of the conditioned air and bypass
air streams
 The rate of heat transfer between the well insulated
mixing chamber and its surroundings is very small and
can be ignored

23
Two-stream Adiabatic Mixing Process

Adiabatic mixing of two moist air streams

State points 1 and 2 represent the conditions of moist air streams 1 and 2
respectively, and state point m is the condition of the mixture

24
Two-stream Adiabatic Mixing Process
 By the principle of energy and mass conservation,
 m 1h1  m 2 h2  m m hm where subscripts 1, 2, and m

m 1w1  m 2 w2  m m wm = moist air stream 1, moist air stream
m  m  m 2, and the mixture respectively
 1 2 m

m 1 h2  hm w2  wm m 2 hm  h1 wm  w1
   and  
m m h2  h1 w2  w1 m m h2  h1 w2  w1
 Two conclusions are drawn:
1. The mixing point m must lie on the straight line which
connects state points 1 and 2, and

25
 Two-stream Adiabatic Mixing Process
 By the principle of mass conservation,
m 1w1  m 2 w2  m m wm m 1 wm  w2
  m 1w1  m 2 w2 =(m 1  m 2 ) wm  
 m 1  m 2  m m m 2 w1  wm
 By the principle of energy conservation,
m 1h1  m 2 h2  m m hm  m 1 (c pt1  w1h fg ,0 )  m 2 (c pt2  w2 h fg ,0 )
 ( m 1  m 2 )(c ptm  wm h fg ,0 )
 m 1c pt1 +m 1w1h fg ,0 +m 2c pt2  m 2 w2 h fg ,0 =m 1c ptm  m 2c ptm  (m 1  m 2 )wm h fg ,0
m1w1  m2 w2 =( m1  m2 ) wm
 
   

m 1c pt1 + m 1w1h fg ,0 +m 2c pt2  m 2 w2 h fg ,0 =m 1c ptm  m 2c ptm  (m 1w1  m 2 w2 )h fg ,0

m 1 tm  t2 wm  w2
 m 1c pt1 +m 2c pt2  m 1c ptm  m 2c ptm   
m 2 t1  tm w1  wm
26
 Two-stream Adiabatic Mixing Process
m 1 h2  hm m2 m 2 hm  h1 1m
2. a m  h  h  12 and m  h  h  12
m 2 1 m 2 1

m 1h1  m 2 h2  m m hm

 m 1  m 2  m m
m 1h1  ( m m  m 1 )h2  m m hm
m 1 (h2  h1 )  m m (h2  hm )

27
Cooling and Dehumidifying Process
 It is an air conditioning process in which both the
temperature and the humidity ratio of moist air will drop
 Two commonly used types of heat exchangers
 The water cooling coil with chilled water flowing inside the tubes

 The DX coil in which the refrigerant evaporates inside the tube

 In a cooling coil, if the temperature of the entering chilled water twe is

high, so that t sc  ,t dethere will be no condensation on the coil
surface, then this is a sensible cooling process
 But, if t sc  t de , condensation occurs on the coil surface, then this is a
cooling and dehumidifying process
(DX coil: Direct expansion coil, tsc = surface temperature of the coil, tde = dew
point of the entering moist air)

28
Cooling and Dehumidifying Process

Dew point temperature

Cooling and dehumidifying process is
represented by the curve m cc

29
 Cooling and Dehumidifying Process
 Consider energy balance: m a hm  m a hcc  Q cc  m w hw

Total enthalpy of Total enthalpy of

Cooling coil’s Heat energy of
the entering air = the leaving air + +
load the condensate
(on-coil) (off-coil)

 Cooling coil’s load (kW): Q cc  m a  hm  hcc   m w hw

where
hm, hcc = enthalpy of moist air entering and leaving the coiling coil (kJ/kg)
m w = mass flow rate of the condensate (kg/s)
hw = enthalpy of the condensate (kJ/kg)
ma = mass flow rate of dry air (kg/s)
 Mass flow rate of the condensate: m w  m a  wm  wcc 

30
Bypass Mixing Process
 It is an air conditioning process in which moist air is divided
into two air streams in an AHU (Air Handling Unit)
 Conditioned stream, which is cooled and dehumidified by the
cooling coil or heated by the heating coil
 Bypass stream, which is simply bypass the cooling or heating coil
 The two air streams will then mix together to form a
uniform mixture and their mass flow rates can be moderated
by varying the opening of the dampers
 It has been adopted in many AHUs in which the coil’s load
has to be reduced during part load conditions

31
Bypass Mixing Process Bypass mixing process is
represented by the curve sf
cc and straight line sf m cc

 Ratio of the mass flow

rate of the conditioned
stream to the mixture
m cc sf m m hc sf m
= or =
m m sf cc m m sf hc

where
subscript cc = the state point
of the conditioned stream
after leaving the cooling coil
hc = for the heating coil
sf = at the discharge outlet
of the supply fan

32
 Bypass Mixing Process
m a hm  m a hcc  Q cc  m w hw Slide 30
 The coil’s load at cooling coil or heating coil

  
Q cc  m cc  hsf  hcc    wsf  wcc c pwtcc or Qhc  m hcc p thc  t sf
 
    
Q cc  m cc hsf  hcc  m whw  m cc hsf  hcc  m cc wsf  wcc c pwtcc 
 By principle of conservation of mass,
m m = m cc + m by or m m = m hc + m by
m m wm = m cc wcc + m by wsf or m m wm = m hc whc + m by wsf
 By principle of energy balance,
m m hm = m cc hcc + m by hsf or m m hm = m hc hhc + m by hsf
33
Basic Air Conditioning Cycle
 Different types of air conditioning systems are characterized
by different types of air conditioning cycles consisting of
several air conditioning processes operating in a serial order
 The psychrometric analysis of an air conditioning cycle is
important for determining the capacities of the major
components in the design of an air conditioning system
 Open/Closed air conditioning cycle
 The end state of the conditioned air does/does not resume its origin
 Summer/Winter mode of the air conditioning cycle
 The cycle operating the summer/winter operating conditions

34
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle
 Basic air conditioning system
 It is the air conditioning cycle for a basic air conditioning system,
which is a central system with a constant volume of supply air
serving a single zone with a single supply duct
1. When a basic air conditioning
system is operating at the summer
mode and designed outdoor and
indoor conditions, the return air
from the conditioned space
entering the mixing chamber of
the air handling unit (AHU) at
state point ru is mixed with
outdoor air at point O

35
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle

2. The mixture m is cooled and

dehumidified at the cooling
coil in the AHU
3. After the cooling process, the
conditioned air at point cc
flows through the supply fan
and enters the conditioned
space at point s
4. The space air at space point r
Basic air conditioning system at the flows through the ceiling
summer mode and designed outdoor plenum and return to the
and indoor conditions AHU again

36
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle

1. Sensible heat process r ru  Attributable to the return

system heat gain Q rs (kW)

Q rs  Q rt  Q df
where
Q rt = heat gain from the
electric lighting absorbed by
the return air when it flows
through the light troffers and
the ceiling plenum
Q df = heat gain from the return
fan power, if any, and the
return duct

37
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle

2. Adiabatic mixing process of the outdoor air at state point o

and the return air at state point ru at the inlet of the AHU
 For reducing the energy
input of the refrigeration
plant, the outdoor air
intake is often kept at as
minimum as long as it can
fulfill the fresh air
requirements of occupants
 The condition of the
mixture is represented by
state point m

38
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle

3. Cooling and dehumidifying  Cooling coil’s load (kW)

process m cc Q cc  m a  hm  hcc   m w hw 
 hm  hcc  
Qcc  m a 
 
   wm  w cc  c t
pw cc 

where
the temperature of the
condensate is assumed to
be the same as the
temperature of the cooling
coil, such that, t w  tcc
cpw = 4.18 kJ/kg·K

39
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle

4. Sensible heat process cc s  Attributable to the supply

system heat gain Q ss (kW)

Q ss  Q sf  Q sd

where
Q sf = heat gain from supply
fan power
Q sd = heat gain from supply
duct

40
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle

5. Space conditioning process  Sensible heat removed from

the space, or space sensible
sr load (kW)
Q rs  m a c p  t r  t s 
 Latent heat removed from
the space, or space latent
load (kW)
Q rl  m a  wr  ws  h fg , 0
 Space cooling load (kW)
Q rc  Q rs  Q rl

41
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle
 After calculating the cooling (or heating) loads, the next
step is to calculate the supply air flow rate and the coil’s
load in order to determine the size of the AHUs and the
refrigeration plant to be used in an air conditioning system
 Calculation of supply air flow rate
 Based on space cooling load
 Based on environmental requirements
1. To dilute air contaminants
2. To maintain a desirable relative humidity
3. To maintain a specified air velocity
4. To provide specified air changes

42
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle
 Based on space cooling load
 In order to absorb heat and moisture from the conditioned space,
the supply air mass flow rate
Q rc Q rs
m a    Q rc  m a  hr  hs  ，Q rs  m a c p  tr  ts 
hr  hs c p  t r  t s 
 And the supply volume flow rate
Q rc Q rs
Vs 
 
 s  hr  hs   s c p  t r  t s 
where
Q rc = space cooling load (kW)
Q rs = space sensible load (kW)

43
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle

1. Volume flow rate or mass flow rate?

 Use Vs to size the supply air fans and AHUs
 Use m a in the calculation of the coil’s load
2. Division of space cooling load by enthalpy difference or
division of space sensible load by temperature difference?
 For accuracy, use enthalpy difference
 For convenience, use temperature difference
3. Ventilation?
 If the calculated supply air volume flow rate required to offset the space
cooling load is smaller than the outdoor ventilation air volume flow rate
required by occupants, take the latter as the supply air volume flow rate!

44
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle
 Volume Flow Rate of Supply Fan Vsf
 It is closely related to the supply air volume flow rate Vs
 According to the principle of continuity of mass,

m a   sVs   rVr   mVm   ccVcc   sf Vsf

1 Q  Q  v
Since   , then Vs  rs
 rs s
v  s c p  tr  t s  c p  tr  t s 

 Q   Q v
rs sf
Thus, Vsf  Vs
    
s rs s

 sf  s c p  t r  t s   sf c p  t r  t s 

45
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle
 Prior to the construction of the summer mode of a basic air
conditioning cycle, the values of the following parameters
have to be determined
 Summer outdoor design temperature: dry bulb and wet bulb
 Summer indoor space air temperature and relative humidity
 Outdoor ventilation air requirement
 Space sensible load
 Space latent load
 Supply system gain
 Return system gain

46
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle
 Procedures of the construction of the summer mode of a
basic air conditioning cycle
1. Draw a space conditioning
line sr from state point r
according to a known
sensible heat ratio SHR
2. Assume the relative
humidity of the conditioned
air leaving the water
cooling coil or the DX coil
of an AHU to be about 95%

47
Summer Mode of Basic AC Cycle
 Procedures
3. State point cc must lie on
the assumed relative
humidity line, i.e. 95%
4. The horizontal line cc s
represents the magnitude of
the supply system heat gain,
and thus by moving
segment cc s upwards and
downwards to the position
of the given supply system
heat gain, state points s and
cc can be determined

48
Summary
 Definition of an air conditioning process
 Definition of sensible heat, latent heat, and sensible heat ratio
 Illustration of the various air conditioning processes
 Sensible cooling and heating processes

 Two-stream adiabatic mixing processes

 Cooling and dehumidifying process

 Bypass-mixing process

 Construction of a basic air conditioning cycle for summer

49
Tutorial questions

50
 Question 1: Moist air at a state of 60 oC dry-bulb, 32.1 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure mixes adiabatically with moist air at 5 oC dry-bulb, 0.5 oC wet-bulb and
101.325 kPa barometric pressure. If the masses of dry air are 3 kg and 2 kg, respectively,
calculate the moisture content, enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature of the mixture.

 Question 2: Calculate the load on a battery which heats 1.5 m3/s of moist
air, initially at a state of 21 oC dry-bulb, 15 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure, by 20 oC. If low temperature hot water at 85 oC flow
and 75 oC return is used to achieve this, calculate the flow rate necessary, in
kilograms of water per second.
 Question 3: (1) Dry saturated steam at 100 oC is injected at a rate of 0.005
kg/s into a moist airstream moving at a rate of 1 kg of dry air per second
and initially at a state of 25 oC dry-bulb, 15 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure. Calculate the leaving state of the moist airstream.
51
 Question 4: Moist air at 28 oC dry-bulb, 20.6 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa barometric pressure flows over a cooler coil and
leaves it at a state of 10~ dry-bulb and 7.046 g per kg of dry air.
 (a) If the air is required to offset a sensible heat gain of 2.35 kW and a latent heat gain of 0.31 kW in a space to be air-
conditioned, calculate the mass of dry air which must be supplied to the room in order to maintain a dry-bulb temperature of
21 oC therein.
 (b) What will be the relative humidity in the room?
 (c) If the sensible heat gain diminishes by 1.175 kW but the latent heat gain remains unchanged, at what temperature and
moisture content must the air be supplied to the room?

52
 Question 5: (a) An operating theatre is maintained at an inside temperature
of 26 oC dry-bulb when the outside air is at 45 oC dry-bulb, 32 oC wet-bulb
and the sensible and latent heat gains are 9 kW and 3 kW, respectively.
Determine the cooling load if 100 percent fresh air is handled, the air
temperature leaving the cooler coil being 14 oC and the apparatus dew point
12 oC. Assume a rise of 1.5 oC across the supply fan (which is located after
the cooler coil) and a further rise of 2 oC because of heat gains to the supply
duct. (b) Determine the percentage saturation maintained in the
theatre under the conditions of part (a).

53
Tutorial Solutions

54
 Question 1: Moist air at a state of 60 oC dry-bulb, 32.1 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa barometric
pressure (state point 1) mixes adiabatically with moist air at 5 oC dry-bulb, 0.5 oC wet-bulb and
101.325 kPa barometric pressure (state point 2). If the masses of dry air are 3 kg and 2 kg,
respectively, calculate the moisture content, enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature of the mixture.

From the psychrometric chart, the moisture contents of point 1 and 2 are:

w1 = 0.0184 kg per kg dry air

w2 = 0.0021 kg per kg dry air

55
( State point 1: dry-bulb temperature = 60 oC,
wet-bulb temperature = 32.1 oC
State point 2: dry-bulb temperature = 5 oC,
wet-bulb temperature = 0.5 oC )

point 1≈ 0.0184 kg/kg dry air

Mixing point

point 2≈ 0.0021 kg/kg dry air

56
Therefore, the enthalpies of point 1 and 2 are:
 
h  ha  whv  c pat  w h fg ,0  c pvt  1.006t  w  2501  1.87t 
For point 1: h1  1.006t1  w1  2501  1.87t1 
 1.006  60  0.0184  (2501  1.87  60)  108.44 kJ/kg
For point 2 : h2  1.006t2  w2  2501  1.87t2 
 1.006  5  0.0021 (2501  1.87  5)  10.30 kJ/kg

According to the mass conservation of moisture content and mass

conservation of dry air :

m 1w1  m 2 w2  m m wm 3  0.0184  2  0.0021  m m wm

 
 m 1  m 2  m
 m  3  2  m m

 m m = 5 kg, wm = 0.01188 kg per kg dry air

57
According to the energy conservation of moisture content and mass
conservation :
m 1h1  m 2 h2  m m hm 3  108.44  2  10.3  m m hm
 
 m 1  m
 2  m m  3  2  m m

 hm = 69.184 kJ/kg

For the calculation of dry-bulb temperature tm:

 
hm  ha  whv  c pa tm  wm h fg ,0  c pvtm  1.006tm  wm  2501  1.87tm 
hm  2501wm 69.184  2501 0.01188
 tm    38.39 oC
1.006  1.87 wm 1.006  1.87  0.01188

58
 Question 2: Calculate the load on a battery which heats 1.5 m3/s of moist
air, initially at a state of 21 oC dry-bulb, 15 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure, by 20 oC. If low temperature hot water at 85 oC flow
and 75 oC return is used to achieve this, calculate the flow rate necessary, in
kilograms of water per second.

From the psychrometric chart, the moisture content and specific volume of
the original state point are:

w1 = 0.0082 kg per kg dry air

v1 = 0.844 m3/kg

59
( State point : dry-bulb temperature = 21 oC,
wet-bulb temperature = 15 oC)

+ 20 oC
Heating process

≈ 0.0082 kg/kg dry air

0.844 m3/kg

60
Therefore, the enthalpies of the initial point 1 and end point 2 are:
 
h  ha  whv  c pat  w h fg ,0  c pvt  1.006t  w  2501  1.87t 
For point 1: h1  1.006t1  w1  2501  1.87t1 
 1.006  21  0.0082  (2501  1.87  21)  41.96 kJ/kg
For point 2 : h2  1.006t2  w2  2501  1.87t2  ，t2 =t1 + 20，w1 =w2
 1.006  41  0.0082  (2501  1.87  41)  62.38 kJ/kg

According to energy conservation :

Va Va  1
(h2  h1 )  m water c p ,water (twater ,1  twater ,2 ) Note :  Va  a as  a 
v v v
1.5
 (62.38  41.96)  m water  4.2  (85  75)
0.844
 m water =0.864 kg/s

61
 Question 3: (1) Dry saturated steam at 100 oC is injected at a rate of 0.005
kg/s into a moist airstream moving at a rate of 1 kg of dry air per second
and initially at a state of 25 oC dry-bulb, 15 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure. Calculate the leaving state of the moist airstream.

From the psychrometric chart, the moisture content of the original state point :
w1 = 0.0064 kg per kg dry air,

 
h1  ha  whv  c pat  w h fg ,0  c pvt  1.006t  w  2501  1.87t 
 1.006  25  0.0064  (2501  1.87  25)  41.46 kJ/kg

According to the mass balance of moisture:

w2 = 0.0064 + 0.005 = 0.0114 kg per kg dry air

62
( State point 1: dry-bulb temperature = 25 oC,
wet-bulb temperature = 15 oC)

≈ 0.0064 kg/kg dry air

63
Energy balance in terms of enthalpy,
h2 =h1  hwv

h1 or h2  ha  whv  c pat  w h fg ,0  c pvt 
According to table of Thermodynamic properties of water :

hwv = 2675.44 kJ/kg

h2 =h1  hwv =41.46  0.005  2675.44  54.84 kJ/kg

 
h2 =ha  whv  c pat  w h fg ,0  c pvt =1.006  t2  0.0114  (2501  1.87  t2 )
54.84  0.0114  2501
 t2   25.63 oC
1.006  0.0114  1.87

64
 Question 4: Moist air at 28 oC dry-bulb, 20.6 oC wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure flows over a cooler coil and leaves it at a state of 10 oC
dry-bulb and 7.046 g per kg of dry air.
 (a) If the air is required to offset a sensible heat gain of 2.35 kW and a
latent heat gain of 0.31 kW in a space to be air-conditioned, calculate the
mass of dry air which must be supplied to the room in order to maintain a
dry-bulb temperature of 21 oC therein.
 (b) What will be the relative humidity in the room?
 (c) Calculate the load on the cooling coil

65
 The sensible cooling load is (Slide 41),
Q rs 2.35
Qrs  m a c p  tr  ts   m a =
 = =0.21 kg/s
c p  tr  t s  1.019   21  10 
c p  c pa  wc pv  1.006  0.007046  1.87  1.019 kJ/kg  K(Lecture 3,slide 30)

The latent cooling load is (Slide 41),

Q rl  m a  wr  ws  h fg ,0
Q rl 0.31
 wr =  ws =  0.007046=0.00764 kg/kg dry air
m a h fg ,0 0.21 2501

66
( State point 1: dry-bulb temperature = 25 oC,
wet-bulb temperature = 15 oC)

≈ 0.0121 kg/kg dry air

Dew point ≈ 7.7 oC

10 oC / 7.046 g/kg per dry air

67
 Therefore, the enthalpies of states before and after the cooling coil:

 
h  ha  whv  c pat  w h fg ,0  c pvt  1.006t  w  2501  1.87t 
For point 1: h1  1.006t1  w1  2501  1.87t1 
 1.006  28  0.0121  (2501  1.87  28)  59.06 kJ/kg
For point 2 : h2  1.006t2  w2  2501  1.87t2 
 1.006  10  0.007046  (2501  1.87 10)  27.81 kJ/kg

The cooling load is (Slide 30) and assuming the temperature of condense water is
10 oC,

Q cc  m a  h1  h2   m whw，m w  m a  w1  w2 
 Q  0.21 (59.06  27.81)  0.21 (0.0121  0.007046)  4.2  7.7  6.53 kW
cc

68
 Question 5: (a) An operating theatre is maintained at an inside temperature
of 26 oC dry-bulb when the outside air is at 45 oC dry-bulb, 32 oC wet-bulb
and the sensible and latent heat gains are 9 kW and 3 kW, respectively.
Determine the cooling load if 100 percent fresh air is handled, the air
temperature leaving the cooler coil being 14 oC and the apparatus dew point
12 oC. Assume a rise of 1.5 oC across the supply fan (which is located after
the cooler coil) and a further rise of 2 oC because of heat gains to the supply
duct. (b) Determine the percentage saturation maintained in the
theatre under the conditions of part (a).

69
( State point 1: dry-bulb temperature = 45 oC,
wet-bulb temperature = 32 oC)

≈ 0.0248 kg/kg dry air

O

State after cooling coil

CC sf f
Dew point: 12 oC
≈ 0.00964 kg/kg dry air

70
From the psychrometric chart, the moisture content of point o of outdoor air :
wo = 0.0248 kg per kg dry air,
The moisture content of point cc of air after cooling coil:
wcc = 0.00964 kg per kg dry air,

The sensible cooling load is (Slide 41),

Q rs 9
Qrs  m ac p  tr  ts   m a =
 = =1.034 kg/s
c p  tr  ts  1.024   26  (14  1.5  2) 
c p  c pa  wc pv  1.006  0.00964  1.87  1.024 kJ/kg  K(Lecture 3,slide 30)

71
 Therefore, the enthalpies of states before and after the cooling coil:

 
h  ha  whv  c pat  w h fg ,0  c pvt  1.006t  w  2501  1.87t 
For point o : ho  1.006to  wo  2501  1.87to 
 1.006  45  0.0248  (2501  1.87  45)  109.38 kJ/kg
For point cc : hcc  1.006tcc  wcc  2501  1.87tcc 
 1.006  14  0.00964  (2501  1.87 14)  38.45 kJ/kg

The cooling load is (Slide 30) and assuming the temperature of condense water is
10 oC,

Q cc  m a  h1  h2   m w hw，m w  m a  w1  w2 
 Q  1.034  (109.38  38.45)  1.034  (0.0248  0.00964)  4.2  12  72.55 kW
cc

72
The latent cooling load is (Slide 41),
Q rl  m a  wr  ws  h fg ,0
Q rl 3
 wr =  ws =  0.00964=0.0108 kg/kg dry air
m a h fg ,0 1.034  2501

The state of air at point r are:

tr = 26 oC; wr = 0.0108 kg per kg dry air,
From the psychrometric chart, the percentage saturation is: 51%

73
( State point r: dry-bulb temperature = 26 oC,
moisture content = 0.0108 kg/kg dry air)

≈ 0.0248 kg/kg dry air

O

State after cooling coil

≈ 51%
CC sf f
r
Dew point: 12 oC
≈ 0.00964 kg/kg dry air

74