c





c

 

„

÷
 

TAXONOMIC POSITION OF HONEYBEE
›

 

 

 
 
  


  


 

  


  





 



 
 

  
 
 
 
  





 Ú

?

?

a  Y

a ! Y



a " GY
 

a #$ Y



à


Y


[ CONSTRUCT LARGE
SINGLE COMB IN
OPEN PLACE
[ FURACIOUS IN
NATURE
[ DIFFICULT TO
DOMESTICATE
[ HONEY IS UNRIPE
HAVING HIGH
MOISTURE CONTENT
[ CONTRIBUTE TO
MAJOR PART OF
INDIAN HONEY
LITTLE BEE -Y



[ CONSTRUCT PALM
SHAPED SMALL
COMB IN OPEN
PLACE
[ FREQUENT
ABSCONDING
HABIT
[ LOW HONEY
PRODUCTION
[ HAVING UNRIPE
HONEY.
INDIAN BEE ± Y
 

  à

  


 



  






 


 



 



  
 



European beeGY
 



M 
 


 

M  



  



M à
 


M 



 



Mà

à

 à

 
 %


&

’

  

  

MThey are the smallest of the honey

yielding bees.
MThe substance known as µBee Dammer¶ or
µPive-nyet¶ is obtained from these bees.
M Used for varnishing and for caulking
boats to make them water proof.
M Due to smaller size useful; for pollinating
small flowers.
 


[ PERFECTLY DEVELOPED FEMALE
[ MOTHER OF COLONY
[ ONLY ONE QUEEN IN A COLONY
[ DEVELOPED FROM FERTILIZED
EGGS
[ RELEASE QUEEN SUBSTANCE
[ GOES FOR NUPTUAL FLIGHT
AFTER EMERGENCE FROM
QUEEN CELL
[ NEVER LEAVE COLONY
[ PERFORM FUNCTIONS OF
EGGLAYING
 DRONE
a MALE - DEVELOPED FROM
UNFERTILIZED EGGS LAID BY
FEMALE
a ONLY FUNCTION IS TO MATE
WITH QUEEN DURING
NUPTUAL FLIGHT
a THEY ARE FEWER IN
NUMBERS
a ENJOY FRESH AIR AND
SUNLIGHT
a PRODUCED WHEN REQUIRED
a DRIVEN OUT OF COLONY BY
WORKERS WHEN NOT
NEEDED
 WORKERS
^ IMPERFECTLY DEVELOPED
FEMALE
^ DEVELOPED FROM FERTILIZED
EGGS LAID BY QUEEN
^ LARGE NUMBERS OF WORKERS
IN COLONY
^ HAVING MATERNAL INSTINCT
^ PERFORM VARIOUS
FUNCTIONS FOR THE WELFARE
OF COLONY
^ LIVE FOR SIX WEEKS ONLY
|

|w  



 
  ·-3 DAYS : CELL CLEANINNG
  4-·3 DAYS : SECRETION OF ROYAL
JELLY (NURSE BEES)
  ·3-· DAYS: CARPENTER BEES
SECRETE WAX
COMB CONSTRUCTION
REPAIRING COMB
MAINTAINING TEMP. OF HIVE
RIPPENING OF HONEY
  ·
-20 DAYS : GAURD BEE

OUT DOOR DUTIES(REST OF THREEWEEKS):

SEARCHERS
GATHEREARS
  !
 !"#$!%!
 Development of worker
Worker

Development of Queen
 &%



Queen
COMMUNICATION
!'() 

  

CONTINENTS PRODUCTION (IN ·000 TONNES)

·· · 2000 200·
AFRICA ·0 ·3
·44 ·4

N¶& CENTRAL 222 ·
3 20
20

AMERICA
SOUTH
·0 ·4· ·3·
AMERICA
ASIA 334 36 4 46
EUROPE ·
0 3· 2
6 2


OCEANIA 2 2 2 2
TOTAL 6· ··3 ··32 ·263

Anonymous, 2003
 !*() 

  

COUNTRY PRODUCTION (IN ·000 TONNES)

·
· 2000 200·
CHINA 2·· 236 22 26
USSR ·34 ·32 ·24 ·2
USA ·00 4 ·00 ·00
U.E. ·0 ·· ··2 ···
ARGENTINA  3 
0
UKRAIN   2 2
MEXICO    6
INDIA · · 2 2
CANADA 46 3 3· 32
AUSTRELIA 22 · · ·
BRAZIL ·
· 22 20
HUNGERY · ·6 · ·6
Anonymous, 2003
Table 0 : Comparison of beekeeping in China and India
w'))0

Sr. Parameter China India

No¬

' Y 

  ! (¬') #  *¬'( # 

+ , -%$ +** .$!/% '* .$!/%

! !

 0 ,, %1 ,"Y
å* 2 '(3+* 2



 å ,/ 4 , -%$ '5** ! 3

(   -%$ '*** ! 3

6 , 7- 6))(5 ! 3

7
 '¬

+,"-.$"#/ "
%*00* 01&((
(/!  2 (   2
4000 3000
-/,
!,
+5***¬¬
+9***¬¬

(" + 2 (

**000 ,  !!/  2
*0000
/ ((8***¬¬

/2%8+**å
 !5(
+$+/Y  "Y

 !+!67-
-. $"# "
 /! Y

 Y

 ¬" %¬ ¬" ! %
 ! w  w 
·
  
  
   

    ·  

     
   
    
     ·
     ·  · 
 

     
    
    

     ·
  
 
 


·   ·
 

'å806809å
Y
 

6¬9)  Y

 

'5¬0)  à,/ 8+**0
FIG 2. POTENTIAL AREAS (SHADED) OF BEEKEEPING IN THE COUNTRY
 !4($+/-."//++

BEE STATE
SPECIES
Y
 Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
 Karnataka, Bihar
Y
  Kerala, Tamilnadu,
Karnataka,Maharastra North East
Y
 Punjab, Haryana, Jammu &


 Kashmir, Bihar
Y

 Gujarat (Kutchh)

  Kerala, Karnataka, North East


 

MIndia will have to produce more and more farm products from
less and less land and water. The higher production will have to
come from technologies that are eco-friendly and
environmentally sustainable. Bee keeping is one of such
technologies that generates income from multiple channels.
MThis enterprise is capable of enhancing national production by
utilizing natures gift which until going waste and that too
without any suffering the nature or damaging the environment.
MBee keeping does not have any specific land requirement; bee
colonies can be placed in waste lands, uncultivated areas,,
forests, on the margin of field, along side the road, canals and
railway tract etc
MBee keeping can profitably integrated with agriculture/
intensive farming system without any competition for input
resources and can proved to boon for uplift of unemployed,
underemployed, landless rural people and labour class

Swaminathan ,·
 HIGHLY PROFITABLE AND EMPLOYMENT
GENERATING ENTERPRISE
MULTIPRONGED EMPLOYMENT GENERATING
FIVE TIRE ACTIVITY:
a DIRECT PRODUCTION OF BEE PRODUCTS FROM BEE
COLONIES
a MULTIPLICATION ACTIVITIES SUCH AS QUEEN BEE
BREEDING, PRODUCTION OF NUCLEUS COLONIES
AND PACKAGE
a FABRICATION OF BEE KEEPING EQUIPMENT
a PROCESSING, PACKAGING OF BEE PRODUCTS AND
TRADE ACTIVITIES
a CUSTOM SERVICE / CONSULTANCY FOR CROP
POLLINATION AND BEE MANAGEMENT ASPECTS

GATORIA 
2002
TO MAINTAIN ·0,000 BEE COLONIES:

,00  
 

 à

: 
;



3,00,000  
 

 à


·,00,000  
   
 
6,400  
 
à;

à à
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4,62,00  
 

  
= 
'8(å0
  à



a /#"
!,,++/6#!#,"
+!+-+8,!!!+-#.2-+
7#!"6692*42:00 $++-#6-#-.

à//¬/ ¬8'))5
[ Mishra (2000) demonstrated
economic modeling with
profitability with ·0,0 and ·00 bee
colony apiaries. He estimated cost
of honey production to be Rs./-
4.0, 2.2 and ·4.60 per kg.(later
two units as migratory bee
keeping). If we consider 3 Rs. As
the minimum rate of honey, the net
profit from ·00 bee colony unit
after first year was estimated Rs.

·,600 per annum.
Table 6. Estimated annual contribution of bee keeping
towards economy of the Punjab(200·-02)

COMMODITY MONETORY
CONTRIBUTION (Rs.in
million§
Sale of honey 200
Sale of colony 20
Sale of equipments 0
Estimated pollination 2000
benefits
Total 200

Gatoria et. al.,2002

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$ -.$w'**# å*1¬ *¬( +* ' å* '* å**

$/w+2 'å1¬ '* 'å* +* +5* +** +5**

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,/
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! 'åB '*6*¬)+ +***(¬6å ')8'å+¬+*

>!#
-/ '*B (*9¬5 )0+¬6 5690¬**
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/% *¬+01! ¬" '9( å*¬+( 0(* 5*¬(* 0(** 5*(*
/ '6*5¬)9 0*'5¬9å +56+*
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 #!,
/$ /! / ( ! '* ! '** !

%$ # %$ # %$ #

  

, 0(1 '9( 6'+( 0(* '+((* 0(** '+8+(8**

w0(21.> ¬  !¬
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 , ¬ ¬
/ " '+(1 +* +(** å* (*** å** (*8***
 , "/#
/ # 5)5'¬+( '9)6+¬(* '9)6+(

-" (å))¬95 ''(')¬96 ''))9å¬5*

Soni,2000
!3(.$!/,<+6$!+

Sr. Plant species Honey potential

No. ( Kg/ha)
'¬ 



 
 (å¬'0(
+¬ 

 5¬0(9
0¬ 

 0¬'9'
å¬   '0¬59(
(¬ 

   +)¬5)5
6¬ 
   '0¬'691
9¬ 
   0(¬+06
5¬ 
  +9¬('(
)¬ 
 

 '+Œ69
'*¬   
 6Œ5+
''¬ 
 0¬)05
'+¬ 


 0¬)('
'0¬ 

 
 0¬6å+
Baljindersingh,2003
!;(
!/Y


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à//
  



 
Honey:
Honey is a natural
sweet substance
produced by
honey bees from
the nectar of
blossoms or
secretion of other
parts of plants
which honey bee
collect, convert in
to honey and store
in wax comb to
ripen
!9(.$"#/,"//+$+

Y
 
to ·0 kg / colony

Y


 ·0-· kg / colony
Up to 40 kg in migratory
bee keeping
Y
 ·0-2 kg / colony

Y

 00g to 2 kg/ colony

Wakhle, ·

+)8
It is a true wax secreted by four
pairs of wax glands on ventral sides
of the abdomen of the worker bee
of about two weeks of age.
To produce one kg of wax average

.40 kg of honey is consumed by
bees.

++/+78
+,=$-,#!"#++
+2,+2!$+2,2$!+-27+-(
"#+!$$!/+78!#""+.2!
",-!,#!"+
„
 
++ / $!!
† Plant breeding programme
† Fruit pollination
† Studying and treating allergic
conditions such as hay fever
† Producing pollen supplement
for feeding to the bees
† Feeding human being and
domestic animals alone or with
honey or royal jelly
†n curing hypertension,
normalize the activity of
intestine, improving appetite,
curing anemia, pollen of date
palm useful in curing sterility


 
It is a sticky, gummy,
resinous material gathered
by bees from trees and
other vegetation either from
bud or a bark.
Only Y


 collects
propolis Y
  do not
collect it.
A special plates with holes
are used, the worker try to

seal those holes and fill the
M

 

 trays with propolis.
M
 
 A special plastic net are
M
 
 placed at the top in place of
 inner cover.
M
 
.!<!!. aIt is a milky white secretion produced
from hypogeal gland of young worker
bee .
a It is fed to the queen through out
her grub and adult life and also to
the grub of worker and drone.
aA single queen cell of Y
 


produces20-300 mg of royal jelly
aIt has reputation of being panacea(


! aphrodisiacs and
rejuvenator.
aIt is a tonic, restoring energy,
getting rid of the feelings of in
deposition and improper appetite.
aIt is useful in treating disorders of
cardiovascular system and
gastrointestinal tract
ROYAL JELLY
PRODUCTION
ROYAL JELLY
PRODUCTION
>
 The venom is stored in
the poison sac
A bee can produce 0.3
mg of bee venom
Bee venom is useful
for the desensitization
of hypersensitive
individuals
Useful for the
treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis,
disease of iris,
reducing blood
>#  pressure by lowering
!$# the level of cholesterol
and deposition in
blood vessels
 


 

 HIVE BEES ARE BETTER AGENTS FOR
POLLINATION BECAUSE:
  Manageable in any number, season and at
any place
  Show behaviour of floral fedality/constancy
  Purposely collect pollen for the brood and
adult bees.
  Body is profusely hairy thereby collecting
higher pollen load than other pollinators do.
  Pollen collected by bees also utilized for
pollination of crop.
  Because of being active foragers, the hive
bees can also be utilized as pollen dispenser
for increased crop pollination.
 Table ··. CROPS KNOWN TO REQUIRE AND/OR ARE
BENEFITED FROM INSECT POLLINATION
FRUIT CROPS SEED CROPS
FOR FOOD, FOR PROPAGATION
OIL & FIBRE


à

 w




 


 


 w 



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 3 



C





   



 

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à




 

C
 :



 RY 
 


àà
  

  

3C

à

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à
C
 

 
  
:




àà
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3


Kumar 
·

Table ·2. INCREASE IN YEILD(%) BY BEE POLLINATION OVER SELF POLLINATION
ORCHARD CROPS VEGETABLES
APPLE ·
0-60 ASPARAGUS ·240
PEARS 240-60·4 CABBAGE ·00-300
PLUMS -2 3 CARROT -·3
CHERRY 6-·000 ONION 34-


RASPBERRY ··-463 RADISH 22-·00
LITCHI 43
-·0246 TURNIP ·00-·2
CITRUS 2·-4·· OILSEEDS
ORANGE 4 ·-00 BROWN MUSTARD ·3-222
STRAWBERRY 3
-6
LINSEED 2-40
GUAVA 0-·40 RAI ·

RAPE ·2-·3
LEGUME SEEDS SUNFLOWER 2-
2
TORIA 66-220
ALFA ALFA 23-· 33 WHITE MUSTARD ·2
-·2
BERSEEM & 23-33 MISCELIANEOUS CROPS
OTHERS
CLOVERS ·0 BUCK WHEAT 63
BROAD BEANS -0 COFFEE · -
3
KIDNEY BEANS 00-600 EGYPTIAN COTTON ·6-24
RUNNER BEANS 2·-··00 FENNEL ·00
NIGER 24-· 3

Kumar et.al., ·

Table ·3. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF HONEYBEE COLONIES FOR PROPER/OPTIMUM
POLLINATION OF IMPORTANT CROPS IN INIDA
CROP POLLINATION REQUIREMENT NO. OF BEE TOTAL AREA ESTIMATED
COLONIES UNDER TOTAL NO. OF
NEEDED/H CULTIVATION BEE COLONIES
A (HA) NEEDED
ALMOND HIGHLY CROSS POLLINATED -
·  ·,·,433
APPLE HIGHLY CROSS POLLINATED 2-3 · 30 4,·0,·0·
CITRUS OFTEN CROSS POLLINATED 2-3 3
2
20 , ,00

COCONUT POLLEN TRANSFER 2-3 ··0000 3 , ,000

ESSENTIAL
GRAPE OFTEN CROSS POLLINATED 2-3 ·3
 3
,4 3

GUAVA CROSS POLLINATED 2-3 · 6
3 4,42,·33

MANGO BEE VISITS HELPFUL IN 2-3 ·23·3 30,
2,2
3

POLLINATION

PAPAYA POLLEN TRANSFER 2-3 32000
0,000

ESSENTIAL
MUSTARD/ MOSTLY CROSS POLLINATED 3-  20000 2,2
,
0,000
RAPE
SESAMUM OFTEN CROSS POLLINATED 2-3 2433000 60,
2,00
SUNFLOWER CROSS POLLINATED 2-4 20600 62,0, 00
COTTON OFTEN CROSS POLLINATED 2-6 4000000 2,6,00,000

Goyal and Gupta, ·4

 !'5(///"//$!!,+.!"/
 




-"#

Treatments Av.No. of Av.fruits Av.fruits Av. Size of

fruits/infl weight/inflor weight fruits
orescence escence(g) (g)
Pollination ·.4 ·. ··. 2.
without
insects
Open Pollin. ·4. 23 . ·6.0 3.·
% increase
over PWI 64.3 ·3·3. 3.·
Bee pollin.
. ·2
. ·4. 3.0
% increase
over PWI 3. 0.4 26.0

Field obsv. Station of CBR & TI Mohkampur,Dehradun Kumar 

·6
!'4(///"//$!!,+-.!"
-+/!-%#!?--&

Treatments Av. no. Of Av. Total Av. Fruit

fruits/inflo. fruit weight
weight/inflo
Y
  ··.0 ·
.0 · .·2
pollinated

Open
.4 . ··.
0

pollinated
(unbagged)
Pollination 4.4· 3
.64
. 6
without
insects

’


 Rao, 
.,·
4
 Table ·6. Effect of different pollination treatments
on the yield of Sesamum and Niger

Treatments Sesamum Niger

Av. Yield in % Av. Yield %

Kg/plot increase in increase
over PWI Kg/plot over PWI
Bee 2.0 .3 ·.200 33.3
pollination
Bp
Open 2.400 0.0 ·.·00 22.2
Pollination
OP
Pollination ·.600 __ 0.00 __
without
insects PWI

Central Farm Orrisa,Univ. of Agri.

& Technology , Bhubaneswar Panda, et.al.·


 !';(///+$!!#!/!7+"$

Treatments Av. Av. Weight Av.no of Av. Seed Av.

Yield ·000 seed/ set(%) Germina
gm/plot seeds pod tion %

Caged ·4.0 2.36 ·6.·3 ·.4 2.0

with bees

Uncaged 22.60 3. 3 · .3 . 6.66

OP
Caged .6· ·.34
.
3 24.4 26.60
without
insects
C.D.at % 2.
· ·.6· 0.
6 ·. ·.

Vegetable Res. Station Bairty, Solan

Kakkar and Sharma,··
 CONSRAINTS IN BEEKEEPING :

± LACK OF EDUCATION AND PROVERTY IS THE MAJOR

HINDERANCE IN DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF
BEEKEEPING IN INDIA
± THE NUMBER OF BEE COLONIES AND COLONIES PER
BEEKEEPER IS VERY SMALL
± NON-ADOPTION OF MODERN BEE KEEPING
TECHNOLOGIES BY BEE KEEPERS
± PROPER SELECTION OF SPECIES
± AVAILIBILITY OF BEE COLONIES IN SUFFICIENT
NUMBERS
± NON AVAILIBILITY OF AREA SPECIFIC BEE
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES
± DEPLETION IN BEE FLORA AND NON AVAILIBILITY OF
REGION-WISE FLORAL CALENDER
± NON AVAILIBILITY OF MODERN BEE KEEPING
EQUIPMENTS
± POOR QUALITY OF HONEY
± LACK OF STOCK IMPROVEMENT AND PEDIGREE QUEEN
BEE BREEDING
± LACK OF DIVERSIFICATION FOR OTHER BEE
PRODUCTS
± HUMAN RESOURSE DEVELOPMENT: LACK OF
SCIENTIFIC EXPERTIZE EVEN AMONG THE SCIENTISTS
FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES LIKE INSTUMEENTAL
INSEMINATION AND AT DOMESTIC LEVEL ALSO HRD
FOR AUGMENTING THE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIZE.
± MARKETING OF HONEY : PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
IS
.4 GMS HONEY PER ANNUM IN INDIA IN
COMPARISION TO ·. KG IN EUROPE
± PROBLEM FACED DURING MIGRATION IN MIGRATORY
BEE KEEPING BY BEE KEEPERS
± PESTICIDAL POISONING
± BEE DISEASES AND BEE ENEMIES
Table ·
.Estimated losses in honeybee, bee products
and pollination due to use of pesticide in U.S.A.

Loss in Monitory loss

(Million $ /year)
Colony losses from pesticides ·3.3

Honey bee wax losses 2.3

Loss of potential honey 2 .0

production
Rental loss for pollination 4.0

Pollination losses 200.0

Total 3·.6

Oka,·
 Table ·.Occurrence of bee diseases in India (brood
diseases)

++ #+? +.,$,+  / +

6 +$+ $
//"



Y 
 „
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%
   !!) *
%+,

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!!!
#$#
$-

.

 /’



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+.
   

 
§ 

   !&!')"

  
 

!! '!0


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   0111 #$#


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*
%

     
   011 $-



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@ 8'))5
Table 20. Occurrence of bee diseases in India (adult bees)

++ #+? +.,$,+  / 

6 +$+ $ +
//"
Y


*  

 


 ’ 4#5, #$#

    
 !31 $-

   ’



   

2


 $



 !&(' 4%

   
  &3
 Y# !!( Y



@ 8'))5
American foul brood disease

$-/"? @%%!/!
  ›


Chalk brood µmummies¶ on hive floor

Table 2·. Mites associated with honey bees
Mode of
Mite Hosts (Apis) Habitat
living
Y
"
Y

 Endoparasite Trachea of adult bee

Y 
Y


 Y

 External Thorax region of adult

bee
Y
  Y

 External Neck region of adult

bee
#
Y

 Ectoparasite Brood cell, adult bee

Y 
# Y  Ectoparasite Brood cell, adult bee
 "



Y
 Ectoparasite Brood cell, adult bee



  Y

Y Ectoparasite Brood cell, adult bee


 
Y Y


Y

$
 YY Ectoparasite Brood cell, adult bee



 
Y  Ectoparasite Brood cell, adult bee
% 

  Y  Phoretic Ault bee, pollen


 storage cells
Garg and Kasyap,·

Honey bee mite #

 Table 22.Enemies of honey bee in India
Common
Scientific name class Order status
name
Wax moth 

Y


 
6
’
-
Wasps # 
#
# 
 
’
-

 

#
 
#



Assassin bug Y 

 
 
’
Praying ‘  

  
÷
’
mantis
Beetles 
 Y 
  
*
’
Black ants    &
  
 
’
-

Spiders % 


  Y
 
Y

’
Birds ’ 
 

 Y ’
-
’
 
 Y  Y ’
 &
 '
 

 Y  

Frogs and  

   Y  
Y
’
toads
Lizard & 
 

  R

2


’
snake
Bears and pine martins ’


*

’
Garg and Kashyap,·

Wax moth
 ##-#++@+6+/!"67-/$#!#
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