Engines

Heat Engines

External Combustion Internal Combustion

Engines Engines
 External Combustion Engine (EC)

• A working fluid is used for transferring the heat

of combustion to the engine where the heat of
combustion is converted into mechanical energy..
• Heat of combustion Mechanical energy

Example are Steam turbines and Steam engines

These engines require big boilers and heat
exchangers, this type of engines are not generally
desirable for mobile power plants.
 Internal Combustion Engine (IC)
• Air is taken from the atmosphere and the
combustion of fuel and air occurs in the
engine which converts thermal energy into
mechanical energy…
• Air Fuel Mixture Combustion Work
• Chemical Energy Thermal Energy

Mechanical energy
 Example are
•Automobiles,
•Ships and
•slow speed Aircrafts
• Combustion of fuel and oxidizer (air) in
combustion chamber

• Gas with high temp and pressure is created in

this exothermic reaction

• This gas is allowed to expand and will move

engine parts (piston)

• High thermal efficiency

 ENGINE COMPONENTS
• Cylinder
• Cylinder head
• Piston
• Inlet and exhaust valves
• Inlet manifold
• Exhaust manifold
• Connecting rod
• Crank
• Flywheel
 Cylinder
• Cylindrically shaped container
• Piston reciprocates inside it
• Guides the piston
• Closed by cylinder head & piston
• Combustion happens inside cylinder
• And Power is developed
• A thin layer of oil provides lubrication
• Usually made of aluminium or iron so that it
can retain high pressure and temperature
 Cylinder Head
• Made of cast iron

• Acts as a cover to close the cylinder

• Provisions for inlet and exhaust valves

• Spark plug for petrol engines

• Fuel injector for diesel engines

 Piston
• Close fitted member reciprocating inside the
cylinder
• Combustion chamber is formed between piston
and cylinder head
• Purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas
in the cylinder to the crankshaft via connecting
rod
• It shapes like an inverted cup.
• Made of aluminium alloy
 Piston rings
• Circular rings made of special cast iron in the
circumferential grooves provided on the outer
surface of the piston
•2 sets of rings-upper and lower rings
•Upper rings or compression rings-to provide
air tight seal to prevent leakage of burnt gases
into lower portion.
•Lower rings or Oil rings – to provide seal to
prevent leakage of oil into the engine cylinder
 Inlet and Exhaust Valves
• Provided in cylinder head
• Inlet valve is used for the
admission of fresh air.
• Exhaust valve is used for the rejection of burnt
gases
• Usually kept closed by valve springs
• Openings regulated by cam
• This cam is keyed to the shaft called camshaft
and which is geared to the engine shaft
 Inlet and Exhaust Manifold
• The metal tube which connects the inlet
system to the inlet valve of the engine
through which air or air-fuel mixture is drawn
into the cylinder is called inlet manifold.
• The metal tube which connects the exhaust
system to the exhaust valve of the engine
through which product of combustion escapes
is called exhaust manifold.
 Connecting Rod
• Interconnects piston and crank
• Transmits gas force from piston to crankshaft
• The pin connecting it to the piston is called the
gudgeon pin and that connecting it to the crankshaft
as the crank pin.
 Crank shaft
• Crank is a rotating which receives power from
connecting rod and transmits to the crank shaft
• Crank shaft is a shaft with radial cranks.
• Crank shaft together with connecting rod converts
the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary
motion of the shaft.
 Flywheel

• Heavy wheel mounted on crank shaft

• Maintains angular velocity of crank shaft
constant
• Mechanical device with significant moment of
inertia to store rotational energy
• Reduce fluctuation of speed of the engine and
thereby maintain speed of the engine
constant.
 Crank case and Sump
• Crank case is the engine casing in which the
crank shaft rotates.
• The bottom cover of the engine is the sump
which usually acts as a lubricating oil
reservoir.
 Nomenclature of I C Engines
1) Cylinder bore (D):- The nominal inner
diameter of the working cylinder.
2) Piston area (A):- Cross sectional area of the
piston. This is equal to cylinder bore area.
3) Stroke (L):- The nominal distance between
TDC & BDC.
 4) Dead center
• Dead center is the end points of the strokes.
• Top dead center (TDC):- Farthest position of
piston from crank shaft. It is also called, Inner
Dead Center (IDC)
• Bottom Dead Center (BDC):- Nearest position
of piston from crank shaft. It is also called
Outer Dead Center (ODC)
5) Swept Volume (Vs) :- The nominal volume generated
by the piston when travelling from one dead center to
next. i.e.,
TDC to BDC , Vs = A×L
6) Clearance Volume (Vc):- The nominal volume or
volume for combustion, which is just above the TDC. i.e
The volume between TDC and cylinder head
7) Cylinder Volume (V) :- The sum of swept volume and
clearance volume.
V = Vs + Vc
8)Compression ratio (r) :- Ratio of cylinder volume to
clearance volume.
r = V/Vc
 Classification of IC Engines
• Based on
1. Ignition system
2. Type of fuel
3. Working cycle
4. Number of strokes
5. Application of engine
6. Cooling system
7. Speed of the engine
8. Number of cylinders
9. Cylinder arrangement
 1.Based on Ignition Systems
• Based on the ignition system employed for
igniting the charge in the engine cylinder
• 1.a.Spark ignition engines

• 1.b.Compression ignition engines

 1.a.Spark ignition engines (SI)
• Electric spark is used to ignite the fuel air
mixture
• Petrol engines and gaseous fuel engines
belongs to this category
 1.b. Compression Ignition (CI)
• Air is compressed to high temp and pressure
and fuel is injected in the form of spray
• Fuel catches fire due to the high temp and
pressure.
• Diesel engines belongs to this category
 2. Based on the type of fuel
• 2.a gas engines – eg. methane
• 2.b. petrol engines
• 2.c. diesel engines
• 2.d. dual fuel engines
- Gaseous fuel or highly volatile fuel is mixed
with air during suction stroke and a viscous
fuel is injected at the end of compression
stroke
 3. Based on working cycle
• Otto engine
• Diesel engine
• Dual combustion engine
- Works on dual combustion cycle, a
combination of both Otto and diesel cycle.
- Gas engines
 4. Based on number of strokes
• Four stroke engines
- One cycle of operation is completed in 4
strokes of piston – ie. In two revolution of
crank shaft
• Two stroke engine
- One cycle of operation completed in 2 strokes
of piston – ie. In each revolution of crankshaft
 5. Based on application

• 5.a. stationary engines – power plants

• 5.b. mobile engines - automobiles

 6.Based on cooling system
• 6.a. Air cooled engines – heat is directly
dissipated into air
• 6.b. Water cooled engines – heat is removed
by circulating water through water jackets
running through the engines
Air cooled engine
 7. Based on speed of engine

• 7.a. Low speed engines – up to 350 rpm

• 7.b. Medium speed engines –

350 – 1000rpm

• 7.c. High speed engines –

above 1000 rpm
 8.Based on number of cylinders
• 8.a.Single cylinder engines –

• 8.b.Multi cylinder engines

 9. Based on cylinder arrangement
• 9.a. Vertical engines
• 9.b. Horizontal engines
• 9.c. In- line engines
• 9.d. V – engine
• 9.e. Radial engine
• 9.f. Opposed cylinder engine
 9.a. Vertical engine
• The axis of the cylinder is vertical
 9.b. horizontal engine
• Axis of cylinder is horizontal
 9.c. In - line engine
• All cylinders are arranged linearly transmitting
power to a single crankshaft
 9.d. V engine
• Two cylinders are kept at an angle forming
shape of letter v an utilize the same crankshaft
 9.e. Radial engine
• Cylinders are placed radially and equally
spaced around a common crankshaft
 9.f. Opposed cylinder engine
• Two cylinders are placed in opposite sides of a
common crankshaft
 Diesel engines
• Rudolph Diesel
• Operates on theoretical cycle called diesel
cycle
• Operate on four stroke or two stroke
 4 Stroke Diesel Cycle
• One cycle of operation is completed in four
strokes of the piston
• Two revolutions of the crankshaft
• The 4 strokes are :-
1. Suction stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Expansion or working stroke
4. Exhaust stroke
 Suction stroke
• Piston moves from TDC to BDC
• Inlet valve is in open
• Air is drawn inside the engine
cylinder
• Exhaust valve is closed
• Pressure inside cylinder is less than
Atmospheric pressure.
 Compression stroke

• Both valves are closed

• Air sucked in is trapped
in the cylinder
• Piston moves towardsTDC
and Compress the trapped air
To high pressure(35 bar) and
Temp(600Oc)
 Expansion stroke
• Power stroke
• Fuel is injected as fine spray using fuel injector at
the end of compression stroke
• Fuel burns at const pressure, theoretically & pushes
the piston down
• Fuel supply is cut off at point 3
• High pressure gas expand up to point 4 doing wrk
on piston
 Exhaust stroke

• Piston moves from BDC to TDC

• Exhaust valve is open
• Burn gas escapes
• Pressure inside cylinder is slightly greater than
atmospheric pressure
 4 stroke SI Engine
• Heat supplied and rejected at const volume
• Works on petrol
• Air and fuel is mixes in carburetor
• It enters the combustion chamber
• Air fuel mixture is ignited using spark plug
• Compression ratio between 6 – 11
 Suction Stroke
• Piston moves from
TDC to BDC
• Inlet valve is open
• Exhaust valve is closed
• Air and fuel is mixed in carburetor and is
sucked into cylinder
Compression stroke
• Both valves closed
• Piston moves from bdc to tdc
• Adiabatic process
• Air fuel mixture is compressed
• Just before end of compression spark
is produced and mixture is ignited at
constant volume
 Power stroke
oBoth valves remain closed’
oCombination of isochoric heat
addition and adiabatic expansion
oPiston moves down from TDC to BDC
oThis stoke provides the power for al
the other preparatory strokes
oWork is done on the piston
oExhaust valve opens at the end of the
stroke
 Exhaust stroke
• Exhaust valve is open
and inlet valve closed
• Piston moves from BDC
to TDC ejecting the
burnt gases.
Two stroke engines
 Intake – first stroke
•When the piston moves up Air / air fuel
mixture is drawn into the chamber due to
vacuum
•During this time the transfer port and the
exhaust port will remain closed
•The inlet port will be unveiled open by the
piston
 Transfer / exhaust
second stoke
•As the piston moves down it
uncovers the transfer port and the
compressed air rushes into the
combustion chamber from the
crankcase
•This will also eject the exhaust
gases out through the exhaust port
•Some of the fresh mixture/ air
also will be lost

•When the piston moves down the inlet port is closed and the
air/mixture trapped inside the crankcase is compressed
Compression – first stroke
•The piston then rises and compress the
air/mixture
•Flywheel is used to gain momentum for the
piston to rise
•At the same time another intake is happening
beneath the piston
 Power –second stroke

When the piston reaches top the

air/mixture is burned by using fuel
injector/spark plug respectively
And as a result the piston moves down
Advantage
• More powerful
• Light weight
• Simple construction
• Used in chain saws, snow mobiles….
Disadvantage
• High pollution rate
Comparison factors of SI and CI
Engines
Comparison factors of two stroke and
four stroke