EVENT HANDLING

• Applets are event-driven programs. Thus, event handling is

at the core of successful applet programming.
• Most events to which your applet will respond are generated
by the user.
• These events are passed to your applet in a variety of ways,
with the specific method depending upon the actual event.
• There are several types of events.

• The most commonly handled events are those generated by

the mouse, the keyboard, and various controls, such as a
push button.
• Events are supported by the java.awt.event package.

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Two Event Handling Mechanisms
• Before beginning our discussion of event handling, an
important point must be made:
• The way events are handled by an applet changed
significantly between the original version of Java (1.0) and
modern versions of Java, beginning with version 1.1.
• The 1.0 method of event handling is still supported, but it is
not recommended for new programs. Also, many of the
methods that support the old 1.0 event model have been
deprecated.

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The Delegation Event Model
• The modern approach to handling events is based on the
delegation event model.
• The delegation event model defines standard and consistent
mechanisms to generate and process events.
• Its concept is quite simple: a source generates an event and
sends it to one or more listeners. In this scheme, the listener
simply waits until it receives an event.
• Once received, the listener processes the event and then
returns.
• A user interface element is able to “delegate” the processing
of an event to a separate piece of code.

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• In the delegation event model, listeners must register with a
source in order to receive an event notification because,
notifications are sent only to listeners that want to receive
them.
• Earlier, an event was propagated up the containment
hierarchy until it was handled by a component.
• This required components to receive events that they did not
process, and it wasted valuable time.

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Events
• In the delegation model, an event is an object that describes a state
change in a source.
• It can be generated as a consequence of a person
interacting with the elements in a graphical user interface,
such as pressing a button, entering a character via the
keyboard, selecting an item in a list, and clicking the mouse.
• Events may also occur that are not directly caused by
interactions with a user interface such as when a timer
expires, a counter exceeds a value, a software or a hardware
failure occurs.

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Event Sources
• An event source is an object that generates an event.
Sources may generate more than one type of event.
• A source must register listeners in order for the listener to
receive notifications about a specific type of event. Each type
of event has its own registration method. Here is the general
form:
public void addTypeListener(TypeListener el)
• Here, Type is the name of the event, and el is a reference to
the event listener.
• The method that registers a keyboard event listener is called
addKeyListener(). The method that registers a mouse
motion listener is called addMouseMotionListener().
• When an event occurs, all registered listeners are notified and
receive a copy of the event object.

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• A source must also provide a method that allows a listener to
unregister an interest in a specific type of event. The general
form of such a method is this:

public void removeTypeListener(TypeListener el)

• Here, Type is the name of the event, and el is a reference to

the event listener. For example, to remove a keyboard
listener, you would call removeKeyListener( ).

• The methods that add or remove listeners are provided by the

source that generates events.

• For example, the Component class provides methods to add

and remove keyboard and mouse event listeners.

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Event Listeners
• A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements.
• First, it must have been registered with one or more sources
to receive notifications about specific types of events.
• Second, it must implement methods to receive and process
these notifications.
• The methods that receive and process events are defined in
a set of interfaces found in java.awt.event.
• For example, the MouseMotionListener interface defines
methods that receive notifications when the mouse is
dragged or moved.

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Event Classes
• The classes that represent events are at the core of Java’s
event handling mechanism.
• At the root of the Java event class hierarchy is EventObject,
which is in java.util. It is the superclass for all events. Its one
constructor is shown here:
EventObject (Object src) – src is a reference to the object
that generates the event.
• EventObject contains two methods: getSource() & toString()
• The getSource() returns the source of event.
ObjectgetSource()
• The toString() returns the string equivalent of the event.

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• EventObject is a supreclass of all events.
• AWTEvent, defined within the java.awt package is a subclass
of EventObject.
• AWTEvent is a superclass of all AWT events that are
handled by the delegation event model.
• getID() is a method used to determine the type of the event.
int getID()

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The ActionEvent Class
• An ActionEvent is generated when a button is pressed, a list
item is double-clicked, or a menu item is selected.
• It defines four integer constants that can be used to identify
any modifiers associated with an action event : ALT_MASK,
CTRL_MASK, META_MASK and SHIFT_MASK.
• Addition to this there is an integer constant
ACTION_PERFORMED, used to identify action events.
• ActionEvent has three constructors:

ActionEvent(Object src, int type, String cmd)

ActionEvent(Object src, int type, String cmd, int modifiers)
ActionEvent(Object src, int type, String cmd, long when, int modifiers)

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ActionEvent(Object src, int type, String cmd, long when, int modifiers)

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 ActionEvent(Object src, int type, String cmd, long when, int modifiers)
• src : is a reference to the object that generated this event.
• type : specifies the type of event.
• cmd : getActionCommand() returns the command name for
invoking the ActionEvent object.
String getActionCommand()
• modifier : getModifier() method returns a value that indicates
which modifier keys (ALT, CTRL, and/or SHIFT) were pressed
when the event was generated.
int getModifiers()
• when : getWhen() returns the time at which the event took
place.
long getWhen()

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The AdjustmentEvent Class
• An AdjustmentEvent is generated by a scroll bar. There are
five types of adjustment events.
• The AdjustmentEvent class defines integer constants that
can be used to identify them.

BLOCK_DECREMENT The user clicked inside the scroll bar to decrease its
value
BLOCK_INCREMENT The user clicked inside the scroll bar to increase its
value.
TRACK The slider was dragged
UNIT_DECREMENT The button at the end of the scroll bar was clicked
to decrease its value.
UNIT_INCREMENT The button at the end of the scroll bar was clicked
to increase its value.

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• ADJUSTMENT_VALUE_CHANGED, an integer constant,
will indicate about any changes.
• It has a constructor by name AdjustmentEvent
AdjustmentEvent (Adjustable src, int id, int type, int data)
• src : is a reference to the object that generated this event.
getAdjustable() method returns the object that generated this
event.
Adjustable getAdjustable()
• id : id equals ADJUSTMENT_VALUE_CHANGED.
• type : specifies the type of the event & obtained by the
method getAdjustmentType()
int getAdjustmentType()
• getValue() returns the amount of adjustment.

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The componentEvent Class
• A ComponentEvent is generated when the size, position or
visibility of a component is changed.
• The ComponentEvent class defines integer constants that
can be used to identify them.

COMPONENT_HIDDEN The component was hidden

COMPONENT_MOVED The component was moved
COMPONENT_RESIZED The component was resized
COMPONENT_SHOWN The component became visible
• ComponentEvent is the superclass either directly or indirectly
of ContainerEvent, FocusEvent, KeyEvent, MouseEvent and
WindowEvent.

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• ComponentEvent has a constructor.
ComponentEvent (Component src, int type)
• src : is a reference to the object that generated this event.
• type : specifies the type of the event and obtained by the
method getComponent().
Component getComponent()

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The ContainerEvent Class
• A ContainerEvent is generated when a component is added to or
removed from a container & there are two types of container
events.
• COMPONENT_ADDED and COMPONENT_REMOVED are the
two integer constants which indicate that a component has been
added to or removed from the container respectively.
• ContainerEvent is a subclass of ComponentEvent & has a
constructor as shown below:
ContainerEvent (Component src, int type, component comp)
• src : is a reference to the container that generated this event.
getContainer() method returns a reference to the container that
generated this event.
Container getContainer()

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comp : specifies the component that has been added to or removed
from the container. getChild() method returns a reference to
the component that was added or removed from the container.
Component getChild()

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The FocusEvent Class
• A FocusEvent is generated when a component gains or loses input
focus.
• These events are identified by the integer constants
FOCUS_GAINED and FOCUS_LOST.
• FocusEvent is a subclass of ComponentEvent and has these
constructors:

FocusEvent(Component src, int type)

FocusEvent(Component src, int type, boolean temporaryFlag)
FocusEvent(Component src, int type, boolean temporaryFlag, Component other)
• src : is a reference to the component that generated this event.
• type : specifes the type of the event.
• temporaryFlag : set to true if the focus event is temporary else false.
• other : specifies the other component involved in the focus change.

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other component could be determined by getOppositeComponent().
Component getOppositeComponent()
• The isTemporary() method indicates if this change is temporary.
boolean isTemporary()
• Returns true if change is temporary, else false.

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The InputEvent Class
• The abstract class InputEvent is a subclass of ComponentEvent and
is the superclass for input events.
• KeyEvent & MouseEvent are subclasses of InputEvent class.
• InputEvent defines several integer constants that represents any
modifiers such as ctrl key pressed….

ALT_MASK BUTTON2_MASK META_MASK

ALT_GRAPH_MASK BUTTON3_MASK SHIFT_MASK

BUTTON1_MASK CTRL_MASK
ALT_DOWN_MASK ALT_GRAPH_DOWN_MASK BUTTON1_DOWN_MASK
BUTTON2_DOWN_MASK BUTTON3_DOWN_MASK CTRL_DOWN_MASK
META_DOWN_MASK SHIFT_DOWN_MASK

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• To test if a modifier was pressed at the time an event is generated,
use the below methods.
boolean isAltDown()
boolean isAltGraphDown()
boolean isControlDown()
boolean isMetaDown()
boolean isShiftDown()
• getModifers() method will return a value that contains all of the
original modifiers flags.
int getModifiers()
• Extended modifiers could be obtained by getModifiersEx() method
int getModifiersEx()

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The ItemEvent Class
• An ItemEvent is generated when a check box or a list item is
clicked or when a checkable menu item is selected or deselected.
• DESELECTED & SELECTED are the two integer constants which
identifies two types of events for the user deselected & user selected
an item respectively.
• ITEM_STATE_CHANGED, an integer constant defines change of
state.
• ItemEvent has a constructor
ItemEvent(ItemSelectable src, int type, Object entry, int state)
• src : specifes a reference to the component that generate this event.
getItem() method is used to obtain a reference to the item that
generated an event.
Object getItem()

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• The getItemSelectable() method can be used to obtain a reference
to the ItemSelectable object that generated an event.
ItemSelectable getItemSelectable()

• The getStateChange() method returns the state chagne for the

event.
int getStateChange()

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The KeyEvent Class
• The KeyEvent is generated when keyboard input occurs.
• KEY_PRESSED, KEY_RELEASED, & KEY_TYPED are the three
integer constants which identify three types of key events.
• The first two are generated when a key is pressed or released. The
last event occurs when a character is generated.
• The integer constants like VK_0 through VK_9 & VK_A through
VK_Z are defined by KeyEvent define the ASCII equivalents of the
numbers and letters.

VK_ENTER VK_ESCAPE VK_CANCEL VK_UP

VK_DOWN VK_LEFT VK_RIGHT VK_PAGE_DOWN

VK_PAGE_UP VK_SHIFT VK_ALT VK_CONTROL

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• KeyEvent is a sublcass of InputEvent. Here are its two contstructors

KeyEvent(Component src, int type , long when, int modifiers, int code)
KeyEvent(Component src, int type , long when, int modifiers, int code, char
ch)
• src : is a reference to the component that generated the event.
• type : specifies the type of the event.
• when : specifies the system time at which the key was pressed.
• modifiers : indicates which modifiers were pressed when this key
event occurred.
• code : specifies the virtual key code such as VK_UP, VK_A…
code is obtained by the method getKeyCode().
• ch : The character equivalent is passed in ch. If no valid character
exists, then ch contains CHAR_UNDEFINED. getKeyChar()
method returns the character that was generated.

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The MouseEvent Class
• There are eight types of mouse event. The MouseEvent class
defines the following integer constants which identify them:

MOUSE_CLICKED The user clicked the mouse

MOUSE_DRAGGED The user dragged the mouse
MOUSE_ENTERED The mouse entered a component
MOUSE_EXITED The mouse exited from a component
MOUSE_MOVED The mouse moved
MOUSE_PRESSED The mouse was pressed
MOUSE_RELEASED The mouse was released
MOUSE_WHEEL The mouse wheel was moved

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• MouseEvent is as subclass of InputEvent. It’s one of the constructor :

MouseEvent(Component src, int type, long when, int modifiers, int x, int y, int
clicks, boolean triggersPopup)
• src : is reference to the component that generated the event.
• type : type specifies the type of event.
• when : specifies the system time at which the mouse event occurred.
• modifiers : specifies which modifiers were pressed when a mouse
event occurred.
• x, y : The coordinates of the mouse. getX() & getY() are used.
Alternatively getPoint() method can be used to get the
coordinates of mouse.
Point getPoint()
The translatePoint() method changes the location of the event.
void translatePoint(int x, int y)

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• click : specifies the click counts. It is obtained by getClickCount().
int getClickCount()
• triggerPopup : a flagindicates if this event causes a pop-up
menu to appear on this platform. It is obtained by
the method isPopupTrigger().
boolean isPopupTrigger()

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The MouseWheelEvent Class
• The MouseWheelEvent Class encapsulates a mouse wheel event.
• It is a subclass of MouseEvent. MouseWheelEvent defines two
integer constants.
• WHEEL_BLOCK_SCROLL & WHEEL_UNIT_SCROLL are two
integer constants used for a page-up or page-down scroll event and
a line-up or line-down scroll event respectively.

MouseWheelEvent(Component src, int type, long when, int modifiers, int x, int y,
int clicks, boolean triggersPopup, int ScrollHow, int amount, int count)
• src : is reference to the component that generated the event.
• type : type specifies the type of event.
• when : specifies the system time at which the mouse event
occurred.
• modifiers : specifies which modifiers were pressed when a mouse
event occurred.

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• x & y : used for the coordinates of the mouse.
• clicks : specifies the number of clicks the wheel has rotated.
Obtained by the method getWheelRotation().

int getWheelRotation() : if + value = wheel moved counterclockwise

if – value = whell moved clockwise
• triggerPopup : a flag indicates if this event causes a pop-up
menu to appear on this platform.
• scrollHow : value must be either WHEEL_UNIT_SCROLL or
WHEEL_BLOCK_SCROLL. Obtained by getScrollType().
int getScrollType()
• amount : specifes the no. of units to scroll. Obtained by
getScrollAmount().
int getScrollAmount()

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The TextEvent Class
• Objects of this class describes text events. These are generated by
the text fields and text areas when characters are entered by a user
program.
• TEXT_VALUE_CHANGED is the integer constant which defines
the TestEvent.
TextEvent(Object src, int type)
• src : is reference to the component that generated the event.
• type : type specifies the type of event.

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The WindowEvent Class
• Defines ten types of window events by integer constants.

WINDOW_ACTIVATED The window was activated

WINDOW_CLOSED The window has been closed.
WINDOW_CLOSING The user requested that the window be
closed
WINDOW_DEACTIVATED The window was deactivated
WINDOW_DEICONIFIED The window was deiconified (Restoring
the window to its original size).
WINDOW_GAINED_FOCUS The window gained input focus
WINDOW_ICONIFIED The window was iconified (Reducing the
window to an icon on the desktop).
WINDOW_LOST_FOCUS The window lost input focus
WINDOW_OPENED The window was opened
WINDOW_STATE_CHANGED The state of the window changed
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• WindowEvent is a subclass of ComponentEvent.

WindowEvent(Window src, int type)

WindowEvent(Window src, int type, int fromState, int toState)
WindowEvent(Window src, int type, Window other, int fromState, int toState)
• src : is reference to the component that generated the event.
Obtained by getWindow().
Window getWindow()
• type : type specifies the type of event.
• other : specifies the opposite window when a focus event occurs.
• fromState : specifies the prior state, obtained by getOldState()
int getOldState()
• toState : specifies the new state of the window, obtained by
getNewState().
int getNewState()

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Source of Events
Event Source Description
Button Generates action events when the button is pressed
Checkbox Generates item events when the check box is slected or
deselected
Choice Generates item events when the choice is changed
List Generates action events when an item is double-clicked;
generates item events when an item is selected or
deselected
Menu Item Generates action events when a menu item is selected;
generates item events when a checkable menu item is
selected or deselected.
Scrollbar Generates adjustment events when scroll bar is
manipulated.
Text components Generates text events when the user enters a character
Window Generates window events when a window is activated,
closed, deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened or
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Event Listener Interfaces

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The ActionListener Interface
• Defines the actionPerformed() method that is invoked when an
action event occurs.
Void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)

The AdjustmentListener Interface

• Defines the adjustmentValueChanged() method which is invoked
when an adjustment event occurs.
void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent ae)

The ComponentListener Interface

Void componentResized(ComponentEvent ce)

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The ContainerListener Interface
void componentAdded(ContainerEvent ce)
void componentRemoved(ContainerEvent ce)

The FocusListener Interface

void focusGained(FocusEvent fe)
void focusLost(FocusEvent fe)

The ItemListener Interface

Void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)

The KeyListener Interface

Void keyPressed(KeyEvent ke)
Void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke)
Void keyTyped(KeyEvent ke)

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The MouseListener Interface
void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me)
void mouseExited(MouseEvent me)
void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me)

The MouseMotionListener Interface

void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me)
void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me)

The MouseWheelListener Interface

void mouseWheelMoved(MouseWheelEvent mwe)

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The TextListener Interface
void textChanged(TextEvent te) (change in text area / field )

The WindowFocusListener Interface

void windowGainedFocus(WindowEvent we)
void WindowLostFocus(WindowEvent we)

The WindowListener Interface

void windowActivated(WindowEvent we)
void WindowClosed(WindowEvent we)
void WindowClosing(WindowEvent we)
void WindowDeactivated(WindowEvent we)
void WindowDeiconified(WindowEvent we)
void WindowIconified(WindowEvent we)
void WindowOpened(WindowEvent we)

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Using the Delegation Event Model
• Applet programming using the delegation event model is actually
quite easy. Just follow these two steps:

1. Implement the appropriate interface in the listener so that it

will receive the type of event desired.
2. Implement code to register and unregister (if necessary) the
listener as a recipient for the event notifications

• Remember that a source may generate several types of events. Each event must be
registered separately.

• Also, an object may register to receive several types of events, but

it must implement all of the interfaces that are required to receive
these events.

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Handling Mouse Events

// Demonstrate the mouse event handlers.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*<applet code="MouseEvents" width=300 height=100> </applet>*/

public class MouseEvents extends Applet

implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener
{
String msg = "";
int mouseX = 0, mouseY = 0; // coordinates of mouse
public void init() {
addMouseListener(this);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
}

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// Handle mouse clicked.
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse clicked.";
repaint();
}

// Handle mouse entered.

public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse entered.";
repaint();
}

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// Handle mouse exited.
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse exited.";
repaint();
}

// Handle button pressed.

public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX = me.getX();
mouseY = me.getY();
msg = "Down";
repaint();
}

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// Handle button released.
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX = me.getX();
mouseY = me.getY();
msg = "Up";
repaint();
}
// Handle mouse dragged.
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX = me.getX();
mouseY = me.getY();
msg = "*";
showStatus("Dragging mouse at " + mouseX + ", " + mouseY);
repaint();
}

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 // Handle mouse moved.
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me) {
// show status
showStatus("Moving mouse at " + me.getX() + ", " + me.getY());
}

// Display msg in applet window at current X,Y location.

public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString(msg, mouseX, mouseY);
}
}

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Handling Keyboard Events

// Demonstrate the key event handlers.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/* <applet code="SimpleKey" width=300 height=100> </applet> */

public class SimpleKey extends Applet

implements KeyListener {

String msg = "";

int X = 10, Y = 20; // output coordinates

public void init() {

addKeyListener(this);
}

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public void keyPressed(KeyEvent ke) {
showStatus("Key Down");
}

public void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke) {

showStatus("Key Up");
}

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent ke) {

msg += ke.getKeyChar();
repaint();
}

// Display keystrokes.
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString(msg, X, Y);
}
}

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Adapter Class
• Java provides a special feature called an adapter class, which
simplifies the creation of event handlers in certain situations.
• Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive and process
only some of the events that are handled by a particular event
listener interface.
• For ex: mouseDragged() & mouseMoved() are two methods of
MouseMotionAdapter class.
• If we are interested in only mouse drag events, then we could
simply extend MouseMotionadapter and implement
mouseDragged().

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 Adapter Class Listener Interface

ComponentAdapter ComponentListener

ContainerAdapter ContainerListener

FocusAdapter FocusListener

KeyAdapter KeyListener

MouseAdapter MouseListener

MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener

WindowAdapter WindowListener

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="AdapterDemo" width=300 height=100>
</applet>
*/

public class AdapterDemo extends Applet

{
public void init()
{
addMouseListener(new MyMouseAdapter(this));
addMouseMotionListener(new MyMouseMotionAdapter(this));
}
}

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class MyMouseAdapter extends MouseAdapter
{
AdapterDemo adapterDemo;
public MyMouseAdapter(AdapterDemo adapterDemo)
{
this.adapterDemo = adapterDemo;
}

// Handle mouse clicked.

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
{
adapterDemo.showStatus("Mouse clicked");
}
}

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class MyMouseMotionAdapter extends MouseMotionAdapter
{
AdapterDemo adapterDemo;
public MyMouseMotionAdapter(AdapterDemo adapterDemo)
{
this.adapterDemo = adapterDemo;
}

// Handle mouse dragged.

public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me)
{
adapterDemo.showStatus("Mouse dragged");
}
}

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Inner Class
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
/*<applet code="InnerClassDemo" width=200 height=100></applet>*/
public class InnerClassDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
addMouseListener(new MyMouseAdapter());
}
class MyMouseAdapter extends MouseAdapter
{
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
{
showStatus("Mouse Pressed");
}
}
} GRNICA 57
 Here, InnerClassDemo is a top-level class that extends
Applet. MyMouseAdapter is an inner class that extends
MouseAdapter.

 Because MyMouseAdapter is defined within the scope of

InnerClassDemo, it has access to all of the variables and
methods within the scope of that class. Therefore, the
mousePressed( ) method can call the showStatus( ) method
directly.

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Anonymous Inner Classes
• An anonymous inner class is one that is not assigned a name.
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
/*<applet code="AnonymousInnerClassDemo" width=200 height=100></applet>*/
public class AnonymousInnerClassDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter()
{
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
{
showStatus("Mouse Pressed");
}
});
}
}

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There is one top-level class in this program:
AnonymousInnerClassDemo.

The init( ) method calls the addMouseListener( ) method.

Its argument is an expression that defines and instantiates
an anonymous inner class.

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