3 Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (1 of 5) Certain combinations of the exponential functions e x and e x arise so frequently in mathematics and its applications that they deserve to be given special names. In many ways they are analogous to the trigonometric functions, and they have the same relationship to the hyperbola that the trigonometric functions have to the circle.
4 Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (3 of 5) The hyperbolic functions satisfy a number of identities that are similar to well- known trigonometric identities. We list some of them here and leave most of the proofs to the exercises.
Hyperbolic Identities sinh x sinh x cosh x cosh x cosh2 x sinh2 x 1 1 tanh2 x sech2 x sinh x y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y cosh x y cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
5 Example 1 Prove (a) cosh2 x sinh2 x 1 and
(b) 1 tanh2 x sech2 x.
Solution: 2 2 e e e e x x x x (a) cosh x sinh x 2 2 2 2 e 2 x 2 e 2 x e 2 x 2 e 2 x 4 4 4 4 1 6 Example 1 – Solution (b) We start with the identity proved in part (a):
cosh2 x sinh2 x 1
2 If we divide both sides by cosh x, we get
sinh2 x 1 1 cosh x cosh2 x 2
or 1 tanh2 x sech2 x
7 Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (4 of 5) The derivatives of the hyperbolic functions are easily computed. For example,
d d ex e x sinh x dx dx 2 e x e x 2 cosh x
8 Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (5 of 5) We list the differentiation formulas for the hyperbolic functions as Table 1. 1 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
d d sinh x cosh x csch x csch x coth x dx dx d d cosh x sinh x sech x sech x tanh x dx dx d d tanh x sech2 x coth x csch2 x dx dx
9 Example 2 dy If y cosh x ,find . dx
Solution: Using (1) and the Chain Rule, we have
dy dx dx d cosh x sinh x d dx x
sinh x 2 x
10 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives
11 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (1 of 5)
The sinh and tanh are one-to-one functions and so they have inverse functions denoted by sinh1 and tanh1. The cosh is not one-to-one, but when restricted to the domain 0, it becomes one-to-one.
The inverse hyperbolic cosine function is defined as the inverse of this
restricted function.
2 y sinh1 x sinh y x y cosh1 x cosh y x and y 0 y tanh1 x tanh y x
12 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (2 of 5) 1 1 1 We can sketch the graphs of sinh , cosh , and tanh in Figures 8, 9, and 10.
y sinh1 x y cosh1 x domain range domain 1, range 0,
Figure 9 Figure 8
13 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (3 of 5)
y tanh1 x domain 1, 1 range
Figure 10
14 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (4 of 5)
Since the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions, it’s not surprising to learn that the inverse hyperbolic functions can be expressed in terms of logarithms. In particular, we have:
3 sinh1 x ln x x 2 1 x
4 cosh1 x ln x x 2 1 x 1
1 1 1 x 5 tanh x ln 1 x 1 2 1 x
15 Example 3 Show that sinh1 x ln x x 2 1 . Solution: 1 Let y sinh x. Then ey e y x sinh y 2
so ey 2x e y 0
or, multiplying by e y , e 2 y 2 xe y 1 0
16 Example 3 – Solution (1 of 2) This is really a quadratic equation in e y :
2 e y 2x e y 1 0
Solving by the quadratic formula, we get
2x 4 x 2 4 e y 2 x x2 1
Note that e y 0, but x x 2 1 0 because x x 2 1 .
17 Example 3 – Solution (2 of 2) Thus the minus sign is inadmissible and we have
ey x x 2 1
Therefore y ln e y ln x x 2 1
This shows that
sinh1 x ln x x 2 1
18 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives (5 of 5)
6 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
d 1 d 1 dx sinh1 x dx csch1 x 1 x 2 x x2 1 d 1 d 1 dx cosh1 x dx sech1 x x 1 2 x 1 x 2 d 1 d 1 dx tanh1 x 1 x 2 dx coth 1 x 1 x 2
The inverse hyperbolic functions are all differentiable because the hyperbolic functions are differentiable.
19 Example 4 d 1 Prove that dx sinh1 x . 1 x 2
Solution: 1 Let y sinh x. Then sinh y = x. If we differentiate this equation implicitly with respect to x, we get dy cosh y 1 dx
20 Example 4 – Solution Since cosh2 y sinh2 y 1 and cosh y ≥ 0, we have cosh y 1 sinh2 y , so
