Unit IV.
Inferential Statistics:
A. t-Test
B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
C. Chi-Square
Group 4:
Mailene Macato
Glenn Gustillo
Mary Grace Alegado
A. t-Test
What Is a T-Test?
A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features.
The t-test is one of many tests used for the purpose of hypothesis testing in statistics.
Three key data values require in calculating a t-test
1.) difference between the mean values from each data set (called the mean difference)
2.) standard deviation of each group
3.) number of data values of each group.
There are several different types of t-test that can be performed depending on the data and type of analysis
required.
Three types of t-tests, and they are categorized as dependent and independent t-tests.
1. Correlated (or Paired) T-Test
If the means are from the same group of individuals taken at different time
where:
m - the average values of the difference
s(diff) - the standard deviation of the differences of the paired data values
n - the sample size (the number of paired differences)
n−1 - the degrees of freedom
2. Equal Variance (or Pooled) T-Test
If the means are generated by two independent groups, that is, each set of data are from separate individuals.
Is used when the number of samples in each group is the same, or the variance of the two data sets is similar. The
following formula is used for calculating t-value and degrees of freedom for equal variance t-test:
where:
Example: Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference between the coffee from the
1. Correlated (or Paired) T-Test: CAF FIEN and THE BLEN DEN
Alternate hypothesis : There is significant difference between the coffee
from CAF FIEN and THE BLEN DEN
where:
m= -0.18125
`
n= 16
S (diff)= 0.2257395
t = mean difference
s (diff) /√n
t = -0.18125
0.056434875
t = -3.211667
Example: (Cont.)
1. Equal Variance (or Pooled) T-Test:
t computed = -3.211667
Degree of freedom = n – 1
= 16 – 1
= 15
@ α = 0.05
t tabular (critical value) = 2.131
t computed > t critical value
* If the computed value is greater than the critical value (tabulated value); reject the null hypothesis and accept the
alternate hypothesis.
therefore:
Alternate hypothesis : There is significant difference between the coffee from CAF FIEN and THE BLEN DEN
Example:
2. Equal Variance (or Pooled) T-Test:
Example:
2. Equal Variance (or Pooled) T-Test:
Null Hypothesis : There is no statistically significant difference between the width of ivy leaves growing in bright sun and those growing in
the shade
Alternate hypothesis : There is a significant difference between the width of ivy leaves growing in bright sun and those growing in the shade
Sample 1 Width (mm) Sample 2 Width (mm)
1 35 1 8
2 47 2 17
3 42 3 16
4 43 4 19
5 63 5 21
6 46 6 21 t = 3.04
7 47 7 22
8 55 8 56 degrees of freedom = n1 + n2 – 2
9 56 9 23 n1 = 15 ; n2 = 15
10 56 10 26
11 22 11 34 degrees of freedom = 15 + 15 – 2
12 65 12 34 = 28
13 71 13 22
14 15 14 86
critical value = 2.05
15 75 15 27
Example: (Cont.)
2. Equal Variance (or Pooled) T-Test:
t value = 3.04
critical value = 2.05
t value > critical value
* If the computed value is greater than the critical value (tabulated value); reject the null hypothesis
and accept the alternate hypothesis.
therefore : we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference between
the means.
Determining the Correct T-Test to Use:
B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
What is ANOVA?
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique that is used to check if
the means of two or more groups are significantly different from each other.
ANOVA checks the impact of one or more factors by comparing the means of
different samples.
Ronald Fisher created the analysis of variance method. ANOVA is also called the
Fisher analysis of variance.
There are two main types of ANOVA: one-way (or unidirectional) and two-way.
1. One-Way ANOVA
One-way type - A one-way ANOVA evaluates the impact of a sole factor on a sole response
variable. It determines whether all the samples are the same. The one-way ANOVA is used to
determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or
more independent (unrelated) groups.
When to use One-Way ANOVA
Use a one-way ANOVA when you have collected data about one categorical independent variable
and one quantitative dependent variable. The independent variable should have at least three levels
(i.e. at least three different groups or categories).
ANOVA tells you if the dependent variable changes according to the level of the independent
variable. For example: 3 groups (year level) of students from a University took the same exam to
determine if there are significant difference between the 3 groups.
2. Two-Way ANOVA
A two-way ANOVA is used to estimate how the mean of a quantitative variable changes
according to the levels of two categorical variables. Use a two-way ANOVA when you want to
know how two independent variables, in combination, affect a dependent variable.
When to use a two-way ANOVA
You can use a two-way ANOVA when you have collected data on a quantitative dependent
variable at multiple levels of two categorical independent variables.
One-way ANOVA Formula
Example: (One-way ANOVA)
C. Chi-Square
What is Chi-Square?
Chi-square test : an inferential statistics technique designed to test for significant relationships
between two variables organized in a bivariate table.
Bivariate table: a table that illustrates the relationship between two variables by displaying
the distribution of one variable across the categories of a second variable.
Chi-square requires no assumptions about the shape of the population distribution from which a
sample is drawn.
Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square
Chi-square follows five steps:
1. Making assumptions (random sampling)
The chi-square test requires no assumptions about the shape of the population distribution from which the sample was drawn.
However, like all inferential techniques it assumes random sampling
2. Stating the research and null hypothesis
The Research (H1) proposes that the two variables are related in the population.
The null hypothesis (H0) states that no association exists between the two cross-tabulated variables in the population, and
therefore the variables are statistically independent
3. Selecting the sampling distribution and specifying the test statistic
4. Computing the test statistic
5. Making a decision and interpreting the results
Calculating Expected Frequencies
To obtain the expected frequencies for any cell in any cross-tabulation in which the two variables are
assumed independent; Multiply the row and column totals for that cell and Divide the product
by the total number of cases in the table.
fe = (column total)(row total)
N
Chi-Square (obtained)
•The test statistic that Summarizes the differences between the observed(fo) and the Expected (fe)
frequencies in a bivariate table.
Example:
Table of Observed Values
Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship
Qualifications/ Middle High Bachelor’s Master’s Ph.D Total between the marital status and educational
Marital Status School School
qualification.
Never married 18 36 21 9 6 90
Married 12 36 45 36 21 150 Alternate hypothesis: There is significant relationship
Divorced 6 9 9 3 3 30 between the marital status and educational qualification.
Widowed 3 9 9 6 3 30
Total 39 90 84 54 33 300
Table of Expected Values
Qualifications/ Middle High
Marital Status School School Bachelor’s Master’s Ph.D
= row total X column total
Never married Total number of case
11.7 27 25.2 16.2 9.9
Married 19.5 45 42 27 16.5
Divorced = 90 X 39
3.9 9 8.4 5.4 3.3
300
Widowed 3.9 9 8.4 5.4 3.3
= 11.7
Calculation of Chi-Square ()
Observed Values
(O)
Expected Values
(E) (O–E)
( (
E
18 11.7 6.3 39.69 3.39
12 19.5 -7.5 56.25 2.88
6 3.9 2.1 4.41 1.13
3 3.9 -0.9 0.81 0.21
36 27 9 81 3.00
36 45 -9 81 1.80
9 9 0 0 0.00
9 9 0 0 0.00
21 25.2 -4.2 17.64 0.70
45 42 3 9 0.21
9 8.4 0.6 0.36 0.04
9 8.4 0.6 0.36 0.04
9 16.2 -7.2 51.84 3.20
36 27 9 81 3.00
3 5.4 -2.4 5.76 1.07
6 5.4 0.6 0.36 0.07
6 9.9 -3.9 15.21 1.54
21 16.5 4.5 20.25 1.23
3 3.3 -0.3 0.09 0.03
3 3.3 -0.3 0.09 0.03
Summation= 23.57
Calculated 𝑿𝟐
Table of Expected Values
Qualifications/ Marital Middle High Bachelor’s Master’s Ph.D
Status School School
Never married 11.7 27 25.2 16.2 9.9
Married 19.5 45 42 27 16.5
Divorced 3.9 9 8.4 5.4 3.3
Widowed 3.9 9 8.4 5.4 3.3
Degrees of freedom = (columns-1)(rows-1)
= (5-1)(4-1)
= 12
Significant level (α)=0.05
21.03
23. 57
* If the computed value is greater than the critical value (tabulated value); reject the null hypothesis
and accept the alternate hypothesis.
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆
: reject the Null hypothesis ,∧accept the alternate hypothesis
: There is significant relation between the marital status and educational qualification.
End of Presentation
