Mendelism: Basic Principles of Inheritance

MENDELISM
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
Shereena V. Opiniano, RMT,MSMT.

GREGOR MENDEL
• Austrian Monk, Order of St. Augustine
• Born in 1822 in Moravia now Czech Republic
• Son of a tenant farmer
• Studied Botany (University of Viena) where he
learned the scientific method particularly
heredity but did not receive a degree
• Worked with pure lines of PEAS carefully
choosing traits that did not blend for 8 years
( 1856-1865)
GREGOR MENDEL
• Father of modern Genetics
• Introduces the basic laws of genetics
• Law of Independent Segregation
• Law of Independent Assortment
WHY PISUM SATIVUM?
1. Pea plants have constant clear-cut alternatives of characters.

2. These are annual plants. They could be grown and crossed easily.
3. They are normally self- fertilizing. But cross-fertilization can be done easily.
4. Hybrids are fully fertile.
TERMS TO
REMEMBER!
GENETICS
• Branch of Biology that deals with heredity & variation of
organisms
• The study of heredity
HEREDITY
• The transmission of characteristics from parents to
offspring
CHROMOSOMES
• carry the hereditary information (GENES)
Source: https://myoncopath.com/hereditary-
cancer-testing-new-recommendations/
TERMS TO
HOMOZYGOUS
REMEMBER!
When an organism has two identical alleles at a gene
locus
HETEROZYGOUS
When an organism has two different alleles at a gene locus.
Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-genetics/34-
inheritance/types-of-zygosity.html
TERMS TO
REMEMBER!
LOCUS / LOCI
• The site, position, location of a gene in a chromosome.
• A fixed chromosomal location of genes
ALLELE
• Any one or more of a series of genes that may occupy the
same locus on a specific chromosome.
PROGENY
• Offspring
HYBRID
• An individual resulting from a cross between two
genetically unlike parents.
Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-genetics/31-
genes/genes-and-loci.html
TERMS TO
REMEMBER!
• Genotype
• Genetic constitution of an individual
• Phenotype
• Appearance of an individual
• Morphology, physiology, behavior
• Dominant gene
• Gene which, if present, causes the
appearance of the trait
• Written in capital letter
• Recessive gene
• Gene which, if present, must be in pair to
produce a particular characteristic
• Written in small letter
Source: https://bio1151b.nicerweb.net/Locked/media/ch14/genotype-
phenotype.html
TERMS TO
REMEMBER!
C0-DOMINANCE
• Occurs when both alleles of a pair are
fully expressed.
• Two products are the same with respect
to function but differs in the exact amino
acid sequence.
Monohybrid Cross
• a genetic cross involving a single pair of
genes
(one trait)
• Parents differs by a single trait.
Source: https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-
lk/content/concept/mendels-monohybrid-cross-233984 /
TERMS TO REMEMBER!
Punnett Square
Punnett Square
• A square diagram which predicts the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a
particular genetic cross.
Test-Cross:
• The cross between an individual with an
unknown genotype and an individual with a
homozygous recessive genotype.
Back-Cross:
• The cross between an individual of the F1
generation and either of the parents.
CHARACTERS STUDIED BY MENDEL
IN PEA PLANTS
1. Color of unripe pods : Green or Yellow
2. Color of the seed coat : White or Grey
3. Colour of the cotyledons : Yellow or Green
4. Form of ripe pods : Inflated (full) or Constricted
5. Form of ripe seeds : Round or Wrinkled
6. Position of flowers : Axial or Terminal
7. Length of the stem : Tall or Dwarf
MONOHYBRID CROSSES:
THE PRINCIPLES OF DOMINANCE AND SEGREGATION
Source: http://bio1010mc.blogspot.com/2013/11/thursday-112113-gregor-mendel-
1. The Principle of Dominance:
• In a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another.
• Some alleles evidently control the phenotype even when they are present
in a single copy.
2. The Principle of Segregation:
• In a heterozygote, two different alleles segregate from each other during
the formation of gametes.
• . An allele is transmitted faithfully to the next generation, even if it was
present with a different allele in a heterozygote.
LAW OF SEGREGATION: MEIOSIS
REVIEW
MONOHYBRID TESTCROSS
• Is used to determine if an individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous

dominant or heterozygous dominant for a particular trait.
• If any of the offspring have a recessive phenotype, the parent with the dominant
phenotype must be heterozygous.
• If all offspring show the dominant characteristic, the individual is most likely a
homozygous.
DIHYBRID CROSSES:
THE PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Continuation:
MENDLES PRINCIPLES:
(1) the alleles of a gene are either dominant or recessive

(2) different alleles of a gene segregate from each other during
the formation of gametes
(3) the alleles of different genes assort independently.
DIHYBRID CROSS
• a cross between two parents that differ by two pairs of alleles.

• a cross between F1 offspring of two individuals that differ in
two traits of particular interest.
• Involves a study of inheritance patterns for organisms
differing in TWO TRAITS.
LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
• Members of one pair of factors segregate (assort)
independently of members of another pair of
factors. Therefore, all possible combinations of
factors can occur in the gametes.
• Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT:
MEIOSIS REVIEW
THE FORKED-LINE TRI HYBRID CROSS
AaBbCc x AaBbCc
METHOD
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/RioneDrevale/fft1033-3-genetics-inheritance2013
A- (the dash stands for either A or a)
TRI HYBRID CROSS B- (the dash stands for either B or b)
AaBbCc x AaBbCc C- (the dash stands for either C or c)
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 3:
THE PROBABILITY METHOD
RULES:
MULTIPLICATION : 2 or more events are occurring at the same time to give 1
outcome.
ADDITION: 1 event that can occur more than 2 different ways/outcome..
Eg: What is the probability to get 2 daughter & 1 son?
3 children = 2 daughter + 1 son
D D S: ½ ½ ½ =
D S D: : ½ ½ ½=
S D D: : ½ ½ ½=
RULES:
MULTIPLICATION : 2 or more events are occurring at the same time to give 1
outcome.
ADDITION: 1 event that can occur more than 2 different ways/outcome..
AA Bb cc X Aa Bb Cc
= Aa BB Cc
AA x aa= all Aa
Aa x Aa = AA ¼
QUICK GUIDE aa ¼
Aa ½
AA x Aa = AA ½
Aa ½
Aa x aa= aa ½
Aa ½
CHI-SQUARE
TEST
• Statistical test used to see if observed
values for a set of data are similar to or
significantly different from expected
values
EXAMPLE:
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdmHNVlMaCg&t=162s
PEDIGREE
S
• genetic representation of a
family tree that diagrams the
inheritance of a trait or disease
though several generations.
• shows the relationships
between family members and
indicates which individuals
express or silently carry the trait
in question.
TERMS TO REMEMBER!
Chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait within a

Pedigree
family across generations
Genotype The genetic makeup of an organism (ex: TT)
Phenotype The physical characteristics of an organism (ex: tall)
Dominant allele Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele
Allele that is only expressed in absence of a dominant

Recessive allele
allele
Trait that is located on an autosome (non-sex
Autosomal trait
chromosome)
Sex-linked trait Trait that is located on one of the two sex chromosomes
Homozygous Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

Heterozygous Having two different alleles for a particular gene
INHERITED CONDITIONS IN HUMANS
Dominant Traits • Marfan syndrome (tall, gangly stature)
• Achondroplasia (dwarfism)
• Neurofibromatosis (tumorlike growths on
• Brachydactyly (short fingers) the body)
• Congenital night blindness Ehler-Danlos • Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) tasting
syndrome (a connective tissue disorder)
• Widow’s peak
• Huntington’s disease (a neurological
• Woolly hair
disorder)
INHERITED CONDITIONS IN HUMANS
Recessive Traits • Galactosemia (a disorder of carbohy- drate
• Albinism (lack of pigment) metabolism)
• Alkaptonuria (a disorder of amino acid • Glycogen storage disease P
metabolism) • henylketonuria (a disorder of amino acid
• Ataxia telangiectasia (a neurological metabolism)
disorder) • Sickle-cell disease (a hemoglobin disorder)
• Cystic fibrosis (a respiratory disorder) • Tay-Sachs disease (a lipid storage disorder)
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
GENE INTERACTIONS: MODIFIED
RATIOS
Types:
Allelic interaction – one gene controlling one trait
Non-allelic interaction – two genes controlling one trait
NON-ALLELIC
INTERACTION
• Epistasis
Allele of a gene masks the effect of the allele of the other gene
• Types:
• Dominant epistasis
• Recessive epistasis
• Duplicate dominant epistasis (duplicate genes)
• Duplicate recessive epistasis (complementary genes)
• Novel Phenotypes
END.

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MENDELISM

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE

Shereena V. Opiniano, RMT,MSMT.

1. Pea plants have constant clear-cut alternatives of characters.

• Is used to determine if an individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous

(1) the alleles of a gene are either dominant or recessive

• a cross between two parents that differ by two pairs of alleles.

Chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait within a

Dominant allele Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele

Allele that is only expressed in absence of a dominant

Homozygous Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

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