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Three Phase System

The document discusses three-phase power systems including: - Three-phase generation using a rotating electromagnetic field to induce sinusoidal voltages in three windings. - Advantages of three-phase systems like reduced conductor size and easier starting of motors. - Phase sequence conventions for positive and negative sequences. - Wye-connected and Delta-connected generator and load configurations. - Relationships between line and phase voltages/currents for balanced and unbalanced Wye and Delta systems. - Calculation of power, reactive power, and power factor for balanced Wye and Delta loads.

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Anita Panthi
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63 views41 pages

Three Phase System

The document discusses three-phase power systems including: - Three-phase generation using a rotating electromagnetic field to induce sinusoidal voltages in three windings. - Advantages of three-phase systems like reduced conductor size and easier starting of motors. - Phase sequence conventions for positive and negative sequences. - Wye-connected and Delta-connected generator and load configurations. - Relationships between line and phase voltages/currents for balanced and unbalanced Wye and Delta systems. - Calculation of power, reactive power, and power factor for balanced Wye and Delta loads.

Uploaded by

Anita Panthi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three Phase System

Three Phase Generation


A three-phase voltage source is a generator with three separate windings distributed
around the periphery of the stator.
The rotor of the generator is an electro- magnet driven at synchronous speed by a
prime mover. Rotation of the electro- magnet induces a sinusoidal voltage in each
winding.
The phase windings are designed so that the sinusoidal voltages induced in them
are equal in amplitude and out of phase with each other by 1200. The phase
windings are stationary with respect to the rotating electromagnet.
Advantages of three phase over single phase
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same
voltage, which reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25%
less) and in turn reduces construction and maintenance costs.
2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be
less massive and farther apart.
3. Three-phase equipment and motors have preferred running and starting
characteristics compared to single-phase systems because of a more even flow
of power to the transducer than can be delivered with a single-phase supply.
4. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially
self-starting and do not require a special design or additional starting circuitry.
Phase Sequence
A set of balanced three-phase voltages consists of three sinusoidal voltages that
have identical amplitudes and frequencies but are out of phase with each other
by exactly 1200. The phases are referred to as a, b, and c, and usually the a-
phase is taken as the reference.
abc (positive) phase sequence: b-phase lags a-phase by 1200, and c-phase
leads a-phase by 1200.
Vc
Va  Vm 00
Va Vb  Vm -1200
Vc  Vm + 1200

Vb
acb (negative) phase sequence: b-phase leads a-phase by 1200, and c-phase
lags a-phase by 1200.

Vb
Va  Vm 00

Va Vb  Vm + 1200
Vc  Vm -1200

Vc

Another important characteristic of a set of balanced three-phase voltages is


that the sum of the voltages is zero.
Va  Vb  Vc  0
Y - Connected Generator
• The point at which all the terminals are
connected is called the neutral point. If a
conductor is not attached from this point to
the load, the system is called a Y-connected,
three-phase, three-wire generator.
• If the neutral is connected, the system is a Y-
connected, three phase, four-wire generator.
• The three conductors connected from A, B,
and C to the load are called lines.
• From figure :

Line Current=Phase current


 Since each phase voltage, when reversed (ENB),
bisects the other two,60°. The angle is 30° since a
line drawn from opposite ends of a rhombus
divides in half both the angle of origin and the
opposite angle. Lines drawn between opposite
corners of a rhombus also bisect each other at
right angles.

 Inwords, the magnitude of the line voltage of a


Y-connected generator is times the phase voltage
with the phase angle between any line voltage
and the nearest phase voltage at 30°.
Y-CONNECTED GENERATOR WITH A Y-CONNECTED LOAD

 If the load is balanced, the neutral connection can be removed without affecting the circuit
in any manner; that is, if
 Z1 =Z2= Z3
then IN will be zero else current flows through neutral point.
 For balanced load the phase angle also must be equal for each impedance.
• The
  current passing through each phase of the generator is the same as its
corresponding line current, which in turn for a Y-connected load is equal to the
current in the phase of the load to which it is attached.

• For a balanced or an unbalanced load, since the generator and load have a
common neutral point, then

• The magnitude of the line voltage is equal to times the phase voltage. This same
relationship can be applied to a balanced or an unbalanced four-wire Y-connected
load
Example:

 The phase sequence of the Y-connected generator in figure is ABC.


a. Find the phase angles 2 and 3.
b. Find the magnitude of the line voltages.
c. Find the line currents.
d. Verify that, since the load is balanced, IN =0.
  Y- SYSTEM

 Thereis no neutral connection for the Y- system. Any variation in the impedance of
a phase that produces an unbalanced system simply varies the line and phase
currents of the system.
• For a balanced load,

• The voltage across each phase of the load is equal to the line voltage of the
generator for a balanced or an unbalanced load:

• The relationship between the line currents and phase currents of a balanced load
can be found using an approach very similar to that used to find the relationship
between the line voltages and phase voltages of a Y-connected generator. For this
case, however, Kirchhoff’s current law is used instead of Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
Example:

 For the three-phase system in Fig:


a. Find the phase angles 2 and 3.
b. Find the current in each phase of the load.
c. Find the magnitude of the line currents.
  -CONNECTED GENERATOR

In this system, the phase and line voltages are equivalent and equal to the
voltage induced across each coil of the generator
• Note that only one voltage (magnitude) is
available instead of the two available in
the Y-connected system.
• Unlike the line current for the Y-connected
generator, the line current for the
-connected system is not equal to the phase
current. The relationship between the two
can be found by applying Kirchhoff’s
current law at one of the nodes and solving
for the line current in terms of the phase
currents; that is, at node A,
 
Example:

 For the - system shown in Fig:


a. Find the phase angles 2 and 3 for the specified phase sequence.
b. Find the current in each phase of the load.
c. Find the magnitude of the line currents.
 
Example:

 For the -Y system shown in Fig.:


a. Find the voltage across each phase of the load.
b. Find the magnitude of the line voltages.
Power in balanced Y connected load
• The average power delivered to each phase can be determined by:

• The total power delivered can be determined by:


• The reactive power of each phase (in volt-amperes reactive) is:

• The total reactive power of the load is:


• The apparent power of each phase is:

• The power factor of the system is given by


Example:

a. Find the average power to each phase and the total load.
b. Determine the reactive power to each phase and the total reactive power.
c. Find the apparent power to each phase and the total apparent power.
d. Find the power factor of the load.
  -Connected Balanced Load
Example:

For the -Y connected load in Fig., find the total average, reactive,
 

and apparent power. In addition, find the power factor of the load.
Example:

Each transmission line of the three-wire, three-phase system in Fig.


has an impedance of 15+ j 20 ohm . The system delivers a total
power of 160 kW at 12,000 V to a balanced three-phase load with a
lagging power factor of 0.86.
a. Determine the magnitude of the line voltage EAB of the generator.
b. Find the power factor of the total load applied to the generator.
c. What is the efficiency of the system?

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