 Introduction : What is Concrete?

 Types of Concrete
 Factors affecting Concrete Strength
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Concrete
 Properties of Concrete
 Components of Modern Concrete
 Application of Concrete
 Summery
 To give brief information about Concrete.
 Concrete-properties, composition.
 Cement-types of cement,mostly used cement.
 To upgrade our skills on making presentation.
 Concrete is mainly composed of Portland
cement,
Aggregate(Filler), Water and chemical Admixtures.
Concrete = Filler + Binder
 Concrete is versatile construction material.
 The name concrete comes from the Latin
word
“Concretus” (meaning compact or condensed).
 Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with
water and placement due to a chemical process
known as hydration.
 The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the
other components together, eventually creating a
stone-like material.
Portland Cement Coarse Aggregate

Fine Aggregate Admixtures

 Based on Weight, Concrete can be classified into Four Categories:
 Ultra-Light Weight Concrete (1200 Kg/m3)
 Light Weight Concrete (<1800 Kg/m3)
 Normal Weight Concrete (2400 Kg/m3)
 Heavy Weight Concrete (>3200 Kg/m3)

 Based on Strength, Concrete can also be classified into Four Categories:

 Low-strength concrete < 20 MPa compressive strength
 Moderate-strength concrete 20 -50 MPa compressive strength
 High-strength concrete 50 - 200 MPa compressive strength
 Ultra high-strength concrete > 200 MPa compressive strength
 Beside this there are various type of Concrete for different
applications that are created by changing the proportions
of the main ingredients.
 Regular Concrete
 Ready-Mix Concrete
 Green Concrete
 High-Performance Concrete
 Ultra-High Performance Concrete
 Rapid Strength Concrete
 Shrinkage Compensating Concrete
 Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
 Asphalt Concrete
 Polymer Concrete
 Gypsum Concrete
 Water/Cement Ratio
 Age and Curing Condition
 Aggregates
 Admixtures
 More Economical
 Ability to be cast
 More Energy Efficient
 Excellent Resistance to Water
 High Temperature Resistance
 Fire Resistance
 Aesthetic Properties
 Ability to Consume waste
 Ability to work with reinforcing Steel
 Low Tensile Strength
 Lower Ductility (Brittle)
 Volume Instability
 Formwork is needed
 Low Toughness
 Long Curing Time
 Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly
lower tensile strength.
 The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels
but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking
develops.
 Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it
matures concrete shrinks.
 All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage
and tension.
 Concrete can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, sea water
effects, bacterial corrosion, leaching, physical damage and chemical
damage (from carbonation, chlorides, sulfates).
 Aggregates
 Portland Cement
 Admixtures
 Water
 Aggregate is the granular material, such as sand, gravel,
crushed stone, crushed blast-furnace slag, or construction
and demolition waste that is used with a cementing medium
to produce either concrete or mortar.
 Aggregate should be inert and strong and It forms the
skeleton of matrix 60-75% by volume 25-40% Paste &1-2%
Voids.
 All aggregates must be essentially free of silt and/or organic
matter.
 According to Weight difference Aggregate can
be Classified into three categories:
 Normal Weight Aggregate (2400 Kg/m3)
 Light Weight Aggregate (1120 Kg/m3)
 Heavy Weight Aggregate (2900–6100 Kg/m3)
Coarse Aggregate
 According to Particle size difference Aggregate
can be Classified into two categories:
 Coarse Aggregate (Size >4.75 mm to 50 mm)
 Fine Aggregate (Size <4.75 mm)

Fine Aggregate
 Most commonly used cement is called Portland
Cement patented in 1824 in England.
 Portland cement is a finely ground calcium silicate and calcium
aluminate of various composition, which hydrate when mixed
with water to form initially a plastic mass and end as a rigid
continuous structure, with good compressive strength.
 Cement contains Limestone, clay , cement rock and iron
ore blended and heated to 1200 to 1500 C°.
 Gypsum is added to control setting time.
 Dicalcium silicate (C2S) is the main
binder phase of Portland Cement.
Portland Cement
 ASTM C 150, Standard Specifications for Portland Cement:
 Type I: General purpose. For use when the special properties
specified for any other types are not required.
 Type II: For general use, more specially when
moderate
sulphate resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired.
 Type III: For use when high early strength is desired. (limit
the C3A content of the cement to maximum 15%)
 Type IV: For use when low heat of hydration is desired.
 Type V: For use when high sulfate resistance is
desired. (Maximum limit of 5% on C3A)
 Chemical Requirements of Portland Cement:
Components
Percentages
CaO 60-65
SiO2 21-22
Al2O3 4.0-5.0
Fe2O3 3.0-4.0
MgO 2.0-3.0
Gypsum 2.0-2.5
Free Lime < 1.0
 Physical Requirement of Portland Cement:
Parameters
Theoretical Value
Fineness(Specific surface area) 2800-3000 cm2/g
Soundness 5 mm (max)
Initial setting time >30 min
Final setting time < 600 min
Compressive strength:
3 day 160 Kg/cm2
7 days 220 Kg/cm2
 Process Flow Diagram:
 Admixtures are ingredients other than portland
cement, water, and aggregates.
 Admixtures are added to the concrete
mixture immediately before or during mixing.
 The use of admixtures in concrete is now
widespread due to many benefits-
 It reduces the amount of water requirement in Concrete.
 It control the setting behavior of Concrete.
 It also improves the workability, durability & strength of
the Concrete.
 Admixtures can be roughly divided into
three
categories:
 Air-entraining Admixture: This kind of admixture is
used to improve the frost resistance of concrete.
 mainly
Chemical used toAdmixture:
control the This
setting andofhardening
kind
properties
admixture for is
concrete, or to reduce its water
requirements.
a. Water Reducer
b. Superplasticizer
c. Accelerator
d. Retarder
 Mineral Admixture: They are finely divided solids
added to concrete to improve its workability,
durability and strength. Admixtures
 Water is the most essential ingredient in concrete.
 It should be good enough i.e. free of organic matter
and excessive chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of concrete are
highly dependent on the amount of water and the water-
cement ratio.
 Concrete is a versatile construction
Material.
 Nowadays every structure made up
by modern Concrete.
 Dams, bridges, buildings, towers,
toboggans, curbs canoes, murals,
statues, submarines, mountains,
foundations have been created
with the help of concrete.
  Concrete a composite and highly versatile
is material
construction material, well suited for many structural
 applications.
It is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates, and in
some cases, admixtures.
 Strength, durability, and many other factors depend on the
relative amounts and properties of the individual components.
 Different types of concrete are there. But nowadays Ready-
mix concrete becomes popular due to many advantages.
 The strength of the concrete highly dependent on water and
water-cement ratio and also the curing condition, type of
aggregate and type of admixtures used.
 Aggregate, Portland cement and admixtures are the main
components of the modern concrete. According to the choice
of application different types of aggregate are used.
 Super plasticizers are used to produce high strength concrete.
 Concrete is the most versatile among all man made materials.
Many structures i.e. building, dams, bridges, towers, statues
etc. are made up by modern concrete.
 F.M. Lea, Chemistry of cement and concrete, 4th edition.
 T.D. Robson, High Alumina Cements and Concrete, 2nd Edition.
 H.F.W. Taylor, The Chemistry of Cements, 3rd Edition.
 J.C. Wilt, Portland cement Technology, 2nd Edition.
 S.N. Ghosh, Advances in cement Technology, 2nd Edition.
 R.H. Bogue, The Chemistry of Portland cement, 4th Edition.
 Wies Baden, Process Technology of cement Manufacturing, 2nd Edition.
 YothinUngkoon,ChadchartSittipunt,PichaiNamprakai,WanvisaJetipattaranat,Kyo-
SeonKim, and TawatchaiCharinpanitkul, Analysis of Microstructure and Properties
of Autoclaved Concrete Wall Construction Materials, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 13 [7],
(2007) 1103-1108.
 G.C. Isaia, A.L.G. Gastaldini, and R. Moraes, Physical and pozzolanic actions of
Mineral additions on the mechanical strength of high performance concrete,
Journal of Cement and Concrete Composite, Vol 25, (2003), 69-76.
 P.K. Mehta, Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Concrete Microstructures, Properties, Materials,
3rd Edition.