Noida Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Greater Noida
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Unit: 3
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
KAMAL BHATIA
(REC-602)
Assistant Professor
B Tech (6th Semester) ECE
KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3
1
07/14/2021
Content
• Course Objective, Course Outcome, CO-PO and PSO Mapping
• Topic Objective and its Mapping with CO
• Performance Analysis of Digital communication systems
• Optimum Filter & its probability of error
• Probability of Error for ASK, PSK, FSK
• Matched Filter maximum SNR, Impulse Response
• Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization
• Daily Quiz
• Faculty Video Links, YouTube & NPTEL Video Links and Online
Courses Details
• MCQs, Assignment
• Old QP, Expected Questions for University Exam
• Summary
• References
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 2
Course Objective
The objective of the student is to:-
1. Understand the theoretical aspects of digital communication system
and various band-pass digital modulation techniques..
2. Perform various statistical operations in digital communication.
3. Analyze the performance of digital receiver based on detection
schemes employed & BER calculation.
4. Understand the concept related to spread spectrum technique,
source coding, channel capacity, information theory.
5. Able to conceptualize error detection & correction using different
coding schemes in digital
KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3
07/14/2021 3
Course Outcome
At the end of this course students will able to:
CO1. Understand the theoretical aspects of digital communication
system and various band-pass digital modulation techniques.
CO2. Perform various statistical operations in digital communication.
CO3. Analyze the performance of digital receiver based on detection
schemes employed & BER calculation.
CO4. Understand the concept related to spread spectrum technique,
source coding, channel capacity, information theory.
CO5. Able to conceptualize error detection & correction using different
coding schemes in digital communication.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 4
CO-PO and PSO Mapping
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 5
Topic Objective and its Mapping with CO
Name of Topic Objective of Topic Mapping
with CO
Introduction to Analog & The objective of the student is to Understand difference between CO3
Digital Communication performance analysis parameter of communication systems .
systems
Performance Analysis of The objective of the student is to Understand performance analysis of CO3
Digital communication Digital communication systems & Noise Introduced.
systems
Matched Filter maximum SNR The objective of the student is to Evaluate Matched Filter maximum SNR CO3
expression.
Matched Filter Impulse The objective of the student is to Evaluate Matched Filter Impulse Response CO3
Response expression.
Gram-Schmidt The objective of the student is to Evaluate the Gram-Schmidt CO3
Orthogonalization Orthogonalization procedure under signal space topic.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 6
Prerequisite and Recap
• Knowledge of Signals & Systems (Fourier transform)
• Study of Principles of Communication
• Study of PDF (Probability Distribution Function)
• Study of Gaussian Random Variable
• Study of White Gaussian Noise
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 7
Performance Analysis of Communication
Systems (CO3)
Analog Communication Digital Communication
• Primary objective is to • There is need to identify which
achieve transmitted signal & particular symbol was
reproduce frequency transmitted among set of
component faithfully. possible one.
• Performance measurable • Performance measurable
quantity is SNR i.e. for better quantity is Probability of
performance SNR must be error + SNR.
high.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 8
Performance Analysis of Communication
Systems Block Diagram (CO3)
• In a binary communication system, information is transmitted as 0
or 1 in the time interval “t”. The Binary digit of 0 or 1 originating
from the source are represented by s(t). these bits travel over the
noisy channel output, so the output y(t) is s(t)+n(t) .
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 9
Noise (CO3)
• When the signal voltage arrives at the a receiver, it will be
accomplished by an unpredicted wave form. This unpredicted wave
form is known as Noise.
• Types of noise :-
(a) Natural sources
(b)Man made sources
(c) Fundamental or internal sources
(a) Natural sources:-
• Noise due to natural phenomena.
• From solar flares ,electronics storms, radiation in space
( extraterrestrial noise )
(b) Man made sources:-
• Due to make and break process in a current carrying circuit.
• Example - welding machine, high current circuit using SCRs.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 10
White Gaussian Noise (CO3)
White Gaussian noise :-
• It contain all the frequency component in equal proportion. So it is
known as white noise.
• The PDF of white noise is in the shape of Gaussian PDF so it is
known Gaussian noise.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 11
Detection Techniques (CO3)
• Due to effect of noise there is error in received signal.
• The error can be minimized by using effective detection technique.
Requirements of detection technique:-
(i) A detection technique must have minimum probability of error.
(ii) It should sample (check) the received signal in every bit interval at
the instant when the signal has maximum possible amplitude.
(iii) The detect method must be maximize the signal to noise ratio, by
amplifying the signal and attenuating the noise.
Detection techniques:-
• (i) Optimum filter
• (ii) Matched filter
• (iii) Correlator or coherent receiver
• (iv) Integrate and dump receiver (filter)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 12
Optimum Filter (CO3)
• Optimum Filter is the generalized filter used to receive binary coded
signal with minimum probability of error.
• The noise at the input of optimum filter is assumed to be Gaussian
noise with 0 mean.
• Assumed that the received signal is binary waveform polar NRZ line
coding is used to represent binary 0 or 1.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 13
Optimum Filter Derivation (CO3)
Signal s (t) corrupted by noise can be written from block diagram
r (t) = sI (t) + n(t) ----------- (1)
After optimum filter
z (t) = ai (t)+n(t) ----------- (2)
Sampling at t=Tb by switch
z (Tb) = ai (Tb) + n(Tb) ----------- (3)
Above equation can also be written as
z = ai + n ----------- (4)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 14
Optimum Filter Derivation (CO3)
Case 1: Assume signal is not present at input of receiver
Input Signal sI (t) = 0
Hence ai (t) = 0
From equation IV
z = ai + nO
z = 0+ nO
z = nO----------- (5)
It was assumed earlier that Gaussian noise is having zero mean. So calculating
mean of z,
E[z] =E[nO]
E[z] =0
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 15
Optimum Filter Derivation (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 16
Optimum Filter Derivation (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 17
Optimum Filter Derivation (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 18
Optimum Filter Derivation (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 19
Optimum Filter Derivation (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 20
Probability of Error for ASK (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 21
Probability of Error for ASK (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 22
Probability of Error for PSK (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 23
Probability of Error for PSK (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 24
Probability of Error for FSK (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 25
Probability of Error for FSK (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 26
Daily Quiz
White Gaussian noise contains the entire frequency component in equal
proportion. So it is known as white noise.
• a. True
• b. False
White Noise with two sided Power Spectral Density (PSD) have ___value
over all frequencies.
• a. No/2
• b. No
• c. No/3
• d. None of the above
Threshold value is calculated for
• a. Minimum Probability of error
• b. Maximum Probability of error
• c. both a & b
• d. None of the above
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 27
Matched Filter (CO3)
• When noise is white Gaussian Noise, then optimum filter is known as
Matched filter.
• The output signal from Matched Filter y(t) as shown in block diagram
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 28
Matched Filter SNR Calculation (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 29
Matched Filter SNR Calculation (CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 30
Matched Filter Impulse Response Calculation
(CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 31
Probability of Error for MATCHED Filter
(CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 32
Probability of Error for MATCHED Filter
(CO3)
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 33
Probability of Error for MATCHED Filter
(CO3)
Probability of Error for MATCHED Filter can be written in terms of Q
function & complementary function & depends on Energy of signal
& Noise PSD as provided in above expression.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 34
Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization (CO3)
• According to Communication Model, the task of transforming
Incoming message into modulated wave may be divided into
Discrete Time & Continuous Time Separation.
• Justification for this separation lies in Gram-Schmidt
Orthogonalization procedure which permits the representation of
any set of ‘M’ Energy Signals as the linear combination of
orthogonal Signals.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 35
Daily Quiz
• The correlating detector is also known as
a) Maximum likelihood detector
b) Minimum likelihood detector
c) Maximum & Minimum likelihood detector
d) None of the mentioned
• Which Modulation Scheme has minimum probability of error?
a) ASK
b) PSK
c) FSK
d) None of the above
• Matched filter is used for
a) Coherent detection
b) Non coherent detection
c) Coherent & Non coherent detection
d) None of the mentioned
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 36
Faculty Video Links, YouTube & NPTEL Video
Links and Online Courses Details
• Self Made Video Link:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ct-Ky_t416k&t=11s (OPTIMUM
RECEIVER)
• YouTube/other Video Links(NPTEL)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtW0XxUEwwM&list=PLq-Gm
0yRYwTjdesS06WhESHJCVcJz6ibO&index=6
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s9_SdqMSQg&list=PLq-
Gm0yRYwTjdesS06WhESHJCVcJz6ibO&index=7
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Mx13ifG5Is&list=PLq-Gm0yR
YwTjdesS06WhESHJCVcJz6ibO&index=8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jA2Qzxxe0L8&list=PLq-
Gm0yRYwTjdesS06WhESHJCVcJz6ibO&index=9
KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3
07/14/2021 37
Weekly Assignment
Q1) Derive the general expression of the error probability for optimum
receivers.[CO3]
Q2) Derive the expressions of probability of error for ASK PSK and FSK
using Optimum Filter. [CO3]
Q3) Give the relation between Q function, Q(u) & complementary
error function erfc(u)? [CO3]
Q4) How Threshold voltage is calculated in Optimum Receiver? [CO3]
Q5) How does the probability of error can be calculated from
Constellation diagram of any Modulation Scheme? [CO3]
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 38
Weekly Assignment
Q1) White noise of having double sided PSD 4 KW/Hz is passed
through an ideal LPF having cut – off frequency 3 KHz. Find output
noise power.
Q2) Derive an expression of SNR for matched filter.
Q3) Derive an expression of impulse response h(t)=s*(T-t) for matched
filter with input s(t).
Q4) Derive that the probability of error Pe for matched filter.
Q5) Determine the impulse response h(t) of matched filter for the
following input signal as shown in figure.
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 39
MCQ s
White Gaussian noise contains the entire frequency component in equal
proportion. So it is known as white noise.
• a. True
• b. False
White Noise with two sided Power Spectral Density (PSD) have ___value over
all frequencies.
• a. No/2
• b. No
• c. No/3
• d. None of the above
In coherent detection of signals,
• a. Local carrier is generated
b. Carrier of frequency and phase as same as transmitted carrier is generated
c. The carrier is in synchronization with modulated carrier
d. All of the above
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 40
MCQ s
The Impulse Response of Matched Filter is proportional to
•a. an inverted version of input signal to which filter is matched.
•b. an inverted & shifted version of input signal to which filter is matched.
•c. a shifted version of input signal to which filter is matched.
•d. none of the above
The maximum SNR of Matched Filter depends on
•a. Energy E
•b. PSD of Noise No/2
•c. both a & b
•d. None of the above
The generalized expression of Impulse Response h(t) for Matched Filter is
given by
•a. h(t)=s*(T-t)
•b. h(t)=s*(T + t)
•c. h(t)=s*(2T-t)
•d. None of the above
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 41
MCQ s
A procedure which permits representation of any set of M energy
signal as linear combination of orthogonal signals
• a. Shannon-Fanon Source coding
• b. Matched filter
• c. Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization
• d. None of the above
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 42
Old Question Papers
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 43
Old Question Papers
https://abesit.in/library/download/B.Tech./Sem.6/2018-19/DIGIT
AL-COMMUNICATION-REC-602.pdf
https://abesit.in/library/download/B.Tech./Sem.6/2017-
18/DIGITAL-COMMUNICATION-NEC602.pdf
KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3
07/14/2021 44
Old Question Papers
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 45
Expected Questions for University Exam
Q1) Derive the general expression of the error probability for
optimum receivers.[CO3]
Q2) Derive the expressions of probability of error for ASK PSK and
FSK using Optimum Filter.[CO3]
Q3) Assume that 9.6 kbps data is transmitted over a band pass
channel by coherent BPSK scheme. The bit error probability is Pe =
10–5 and the one sided noise Power spectral density is N0 = 10–11
W/Hz. Calculate the amplitude of input waveform is in mV. [Given
Q (4.27) = 10-5] [CO3]
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 46
Expected Questions for University Exam
Q1) Derive an expression of impulse response h(t)=s*(T-t) for matched
filter with input s(t). [CO3]
Q2) Derive that the probability of error Pe for matched filter. [CO3]
Q3) An analog pulse s(t) is transmitted over an additive white Gaussian
(AWGN) channel. The received signal is r(t) = s(t) + n(t), where n(t) is
additive white Gaussian noise with power spectral density Watt/Hz.
The received signal is passed through a filter with impulse response
h(t). Let Es=10J and En denote the energies of the pulse s(t) and the
filter h(t), respectively. When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is
maximized at the output of the filter (SNRmax), then Calculate
SNRmax. [CO3]
Q4) Explain Gram – Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure for
optimum detection. [CO3]
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 47
Summary
•The generalized expression for probability of error using Optimum
Filter
•Probability of Error for is minimum for PSK as compared to ASK &
FSK.
•Matched Filter Impulse Response h(t) generalized expression is
•Matched Filter probability of error is given by
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 48
References
07/14/2021 KAMAL BHATIA REC-602 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Unit-3 49
