Digital Logic Design I

Chapter 1
Digital Systems and Binary Numbers

Mustafa Kemal Uyguroğlu

 

Digital Logic Design Ch1-1

 Outline of Chapter 1
 1.1 Digital Systems
 1.2 Binary Numbers
 1.3 Number-base Conversions
 1.4 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
 1.5 Complements
 1.6 Signed Binary Numbers
 1.7 Binary Codes
 1.8 Binary Storage and Registers (Optional)
 1.9 Binary Logic (Optional)

Digital Logic Design Ch1-2

 Digital Systems and Binary Numbers
 Digital age and information age
 Digital computers
 General purposes
 Many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
 Digital systems
 Telephone switching exchanges
 Digital camera
 Electronic calculators, PDA's
 Digital TV
 Discrete information-processing systems
 Manipulate discrete elements of information
 For example, {1, 2, 3, …} and {A, B, C, …}…

Digital Logic Design Ch1-3

 Analog and Digital Signal

 Analog system
 The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a specified
range.
 Digital system
 The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values.
 Greater accuracy
X(t) X(t)

t t
Analog signal Digital signal Digital Logic Design Ch1-4
 Binary Digital Signal
 An information variable represented by physical quantity.
 For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
 Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values.
 Binary values are represented abstractly by:
 Digits 0 and 1
 Words (symbols) False (F) and True (T) V(t)
 Words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
 And words On and Off Logic 1
 Binary values are represented by values
or ranges of values of physical quantities. undefine

Logic 0
t
Binary digital signal

Digital Logic Design Ch1-5

 Decimal Number System
 Base (also called radix) = 10
 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
 Digit Position
 Integer & fraction 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Digit Weight 5 1 2 7 4
 Weight = (Base) Position
 Magnitude 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
 Formal Notation
500 10 2 0.7 0.04

d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2

(512.74)10
Digital Logic Design Ch1-6
 Octal Number System
 Base = 8
 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
 Weights
 Weight = (Base) Position 64 8 1 1/8 1/64
 Magnitude 5 1 2 7 4
 Sum of “Digit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
5 *82+1 *81+2 *80+7 *8-1+4 *8-2

=(330.9375)10
(512.74)8

Digital Logic Design Ch1-7

 Binary Number System
 Base = 2
 2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits or “bits”
 Weights
4 2 1 1/2 1/4
 Weight = (Base) Position
 Magnitude 1 0 1 0 1
 Sum of “Bit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
1 *22+0 *21+1 *20+0 *2-1+1 *2-2
 Groups of bits
=(5.25)10
8 bits = Byte
(101.01)2
1011

11000101
Digital Logic Design Ch1-8
 Hexadecimal Number System
 Base = 16
 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
 Weights
 Weight = (Base) Position 256 16 1 1/16 1/256

 Magnitude 1 E 5 7 A
 Sum of “Digit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
1 *162+14 *161+5 *160+7 *16-1+10 *16-2

=(485.4765625)10
(1E5.7A)16

Digital Logic Design Ch1-9

 The Power of 2

n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
2 22=4 10 210=1024 Kilo

3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096
5 25=32 20 220=1M Mega

6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga

7 27=128 40 240=1T Tera

Digital Logic Design Ch1-10

Number Base Conversions
Evaluate
Magnitude
Octal
(Base 8)

Evaluate
Magnitude
Decimal Binary
(Base 10) (Base 2)

Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
Evaluate
Magnitude
Digital Logic Design Ch1-11
 Decimal (Integer) to Binary Conversion
 Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
 Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the quotient and repeat the division

Example: (13)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13/ 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6 /2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3 /2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1 /2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

MSB LSB
Digital Logic Design Ch1-12
 Decimal (Fraction) to Binary Conversion
 Multiply the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
 Take the integer (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the resultant fraction and repeat the division

Example: (0.625)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.625 * 2 = 1 . 25 a-1 = 1
0.25 * 2 = 0 . 5 a-2 = 0
0.5 *2= 1 . 0 a-3 = 1
Answer: (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)2 = (0.101)2

MSB LSB

Digital Logic Design Ch1-13

 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example: (175)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (257)8

Example: (0.3125)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8

Digital Logic Design Ch1-14

 Binary − Octal Conversion
 8 = 23 Octal Binary

 Each group of 3 bits represents an octal 0 000

digit 1 001

2 010
Assume Zeros
Example: 3 011

( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

Digital Logic Design Ch1-15
 Binary − Hexadecimal Conversion
Hex Binary
 16 = 24 0 0000
1 0001
 Each group of 4 bits represents a
2 0010
hexadecimal digit 3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
Assume Zeros 6 0110
Example: 7 0111
8 1000
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
(1 6 . 4 )16 E 1110
F 1111

Works both ways (Binary to Hex & Hex to Binary)

Digital Logic Design Ch1-16
 Octal − Hexadecimal Conversion
 Convert to Binary as an intermediate step

Example:
( 2 6 . 2 )8

Assume Zeros Assume Zeros

( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2

(1 6 . 4 )16

Works both ways (Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)

Digital Logic Design Ch1-17
Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary Octal Hex
00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

Digital Logic Design Ch1-18

 Addition
 Decimal Addition

1 1 Carry
5 5
+ 5 5

1 1 0
= Ten ≥ Base
 Subtract a Base

Digital Logic Design Ch1-19

 Binary Addition
 Column Addition

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 = 61
+ 1 0 1 1 1 = 23

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 = 84

≥ (2)10

Digital Logic Design Ch1-20

 Binary Subtraction
 Borrow a “Base” when needed

1 2 = (10)2
0 2 2 0 0 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 = 77
− 1 0 1 1 1 = 23

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 = 54

Digital Logic Design Ch1-21

 Binary Multiplication
 Bit by bit

1 0 1 1 1
x 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

Digital Logic Design Ch1-22

 1.5 Complements
 There are two types of complements for each base-r system: the radix complement and
diminished radix complement.
 Diminished Radix Complement - (r-1)’s Complement
 Given a number N in base r having n digits, the (r–1)’s complement of N is defined
as:
(rn –1) – N
 Example for 6-digit decimal numbers:
 9’s complement is (rn – 1)–N = (106–1)–N = 999999–N
 9’s complement of 546700 is 999999–546700 = 453299
 Example for 7-digit binary numbers:
 1’s complement is (rn – 1) – N = (27–1)–N = 1111111–N
 1’s complement of 1011000 is 1111111–1011000 = 0100111
 Observation:
 Subtraction from (rn – 1) will never require a borrow
 Diminished radix complement can be computed digit-by-digit
 For binary: 1 – 0 = 1 and 1 – 1 = 0

Digital Logic Design Ch1-23

 Complements
 1’s Complement (Diminished Radix Complement)
 All ‘0’s become ‘1’s
 All ‘1’s become ‘0’s

Example (10110000)2
 (01001111)2
If you add a number and its 1’s complement …

10110000
+ 01001111
11111111

Digital Logic Design Ch1-24

 Complements
 Radix Complement

The r's complement of an n-digit number N in base r is defined as

rn – N for N ≠ 0 and as 0 for N = 0. Comparing with the (r  1) 's
complement, we note that the r's complement is obtained by adding 1
to the (r  1) 's complement, since rn – N = [(rn  1) – N] + 1.

 Example: Base-10

The 10's complement of 012398 is 987602

The 10's complement of 246700 is 753300

 Example: Base-2

The 2's complement of 1101100 is 0010100

The 2's complement of 0110111 is 1001001

Digital Logic Design Ch1-25

 Complements
 2’s Complement (Radix Complement)
Take 1’s complement then add 1
OR Toggle all bits to the left of the first ‘1’ from the right


Example:
Number:
1’s Comp.:
10110000 10110000
01001111
+ 1
01010000 01010000

Digital Logic Design Ch1-26

 Complements
 Subtraction with Complements
 The subtraction of two n-digit unsigned numbers M – N in base r can be
done as follows:

Digital Logic Design Ch1-27

 Complements
 Example 1.7
 Given the two binary numbers X = 1010100 and Y = 1000011, perform the
subtraction (a) X – Y ; and (b) Y  X, by using 2's complement.

There is no end carry.

Therefore, the answer is Y
– X =  (2's complement of
1101111) =  0010001.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-28

 Complements
 Subtraction of unsigned numbers can also be done by means of the (r  1)'s
complement. Remember that the (r  1) 's complement is one less then the r's
complement.
 Example 1.8
 Repeat Example 1.7, but this time using 1's complement.

There is no end carry,

Therefore, the answer is Y –
X =  (1's complement of
1101110) =  0010001.
Digital Logic Design Ch1-29
 1.6 Signed Binary Numbers
 To represent negative integers, we need a notation for negative
values.
 It is customary to represent the sign with a bit placed in the leftmost
position of the number since binary digits.
 The convention is to make the sign bit 0 for positive and 1 for
negative.
 Example:

 Table 1.3 lists all possible four-bit signed binary numbers in the three
representations.
Digital Logic Design Ch1-30
Signed Binary Numbers

Digital Logic Design Ch1-31

 Signed Binary Numbers
 Arithmetic addition
 The addition of two numbers in the signed-magnitude system follows the rules of
ordinary arithmetic. If the signs are the same, we add the two magnitudes and
give the sum the common sign. If the signs are different, we subtract the smaller
magnitude from the larger and give the difference the sign if the larger magnitude.
 The addition of two signed binary numbers with negative numbers represented in
signed-2's-complement form is obtained from the addition of the two numbers,
including their sign bits.
 A carry out of the sign-bit position is discarded.
 Example:

Digital Logic Design Ch1-32

 1.7 Binary Codes
 BCD Code
  In this code each decimal digit is
represented by a 4-bit binary
number.BCD is a way to express
each of the decimal digits with a
binary code
 A number with k decimal digits will
require 4k bits in BCD.
 Decimal 396 is represented in BCD
with 12bits as 0011 1001 0110, with
each group of 4 bits representing one
decimal digit.
 The binary combinations 1010
through 1111 are not used and have
no meaning in BCD.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-33

 Binary Code
 Example:
 Consider decimal 185 and its corresponding value in BCD and binary:

 BCD addition

Digital Logic Design Ch1-34

 Binary Code
 Example:
 Consider the addition of 184 + 576 = 760 in BCD:

Digital Logic Design Ch1-35

 Binary Codes
 Other Decimal Codes – weighted representation of decimal
numbers in binary.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-36

 Binary Codes)
 Gray Code
 The advantage is that only bit in the
code group changes in going from
one number to the next.
» Error detection.
» Representation of analog data.
» Low power design.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-37

 Binary Codes
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Character Code

Digital Logic Design Ch1-38

 Binary Codes
 ASCII Character Code

Digital Logic Design Ch1-39

 ASCII Character Codes
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (Refer to
Table 1.7)
 A popular code used to represent information sent as character-
based data.
 It uses 7-bits to represent:
 94 Graphic printing characters.
 34 Non-printing characters.
 Some non-printing characters are used for text format (e.g. BS =
Backspace, CR = carriage return).
 Other non-printing characters are used for record marking and
flow control (e.g. STX and ETX start and end text areas).

Digital Logic Design Ch1-40

 ASCII Properties
 ASCII has some interesting properties:
 Digits 0 to 9 span Hexadecimal values 3016 to 3916
 Upper case A-Z span 4116 to 5A16
 Lower case a-z span 6116 to 7A16
» Lower to upper case translation (and vice versa) occurs by flipping bit 6.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-41