DC Network Analysis
DC Network Analysis
Fig – 1 Fig - 2
Branch current method
Therefore,
Now that we know the magnitude of all currents in this circuit, we can calculate
voltage drops across all resistors with Ohm's Law (E=IR):
Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes a complex
subject and simplifies it in a way that makes perfect sense.
Since we have two sources of power in this circuit, we will have to calculate two sets of values for
voltage drops and/or currents,
one for the circuit with only the 28 volt battery in effect. . .
. . . and one for the circuit with only the 7 volt battery in effect:
When superimposing these
values of voltage and
current, we have to be very
careful to consider polarity
(voltage drop) and direction
(electron flow), as the
values have to be added
algebraically.
In other words,
Thevenin's Theorem is especially useful in analyzing power systems and other circuits
where one particular resistor in the circuit (called the "load" resistor) is subject to change,
and re-calculation of the circuit is necessary with each trial value of load resistance, to
determine voltage across it and current through it. Let's take another look at our example
circuit:
Let's suppose that we decide to designate R2 as the "load" resistor in this circuit.
The advantage in performing the "Thevenin conversion" to the simpler circuit, of course, is
that it makes load voltage and load current so much easier to solve than in the original
network. Calculating the equivalent Thevenin source voltage and series resistance is actually
quite easy. First, the chosen load resistor is removed from the original circuit, replaced with a
break (open circuit):
Next, the voltage between the two points where the load resistor used to be attached is
determined. Use whatever analysis methods are at your disposal to do this. In this case, the
original circuit with the load resistor removed is nothing more than a simple series circuit
with opposing batteries, and so we can determine the voltage across the open load
terminals by applying the rules of series circuits, Ohm's Law, and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
The voltage between the two load connection points can be figured from the one of the
battery's voltage and one of the resistor's voltage drops, and comes out to 11.2 volts. This
is our "Thevenin voltage" (EThevenin) in the equivalent circuit:
To find the Thevenin series resistance for our equivalent circuit, we need to take the
original circuit (with the load resistor still removed), remove the power sources (in the
same style as we did with the Superposition Theorem: voltage sources replaced with
wires and current sources replaced with breaks), and figure the resistance from one load
terminal to the other:
With the removal of the two batteries, the total resistance measured at this location is
equal to R1 and R3 in parallel: 0.8 .
OR,
Simply stated, the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance
when that load resistance is equal to the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the network
supplying the power.
This is essentially what is aimed for in stereo system design, where speaker "impedance" is
matched to amplifier "impedance" for maximum sound power output.
So we start, taking our Thevenin equivalent example circuit, the Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem tells us that the load resistance resulting in greatest power dissipation is equal in
value to the Thevenin resistance (in this case, 0.8 ):
Now, if we were to try a lower value for the load resistance (0.5 instead of 0.8 , for
example), our power dissipated by the load resistance would decrease:
Power dissipation increased for both the Thevenin resistance and the total circuit, but
it decreased for the load resistor.
Likewise, if we increase the load resistance (1.1 instead of 0.8 , for example), power
dissipation will also be less than it was at 0.8 exactly:
Here we see, power dissipation decreased for both the Thevenin resistance and the
total circuit, and it decreased for the load resistor too.