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DC Network Analysis

The document discusses several key concepts in network analysis: 1. Branch current method is used to analyze circuits by choosing a reference node and assigning speculative current directions. Kirchhoff's laws are then used to solve for unknown currents. 2. Superposition theorem allows circuits with multiple sources to be analyzed by considering each source independently and then combining the results. 3. Thevenin's and Norton's theorems simplify complex circuits into equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source and series/parallel resistance. 4. Maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power will be delivered to a load when its resistance matches the internal resistance of the network, as seen from the equivalent Thevenin or Norton model.

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Krishanu Naskar
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426 views30 pages

DC Network Analysis

The document discusses several key concepts in network analysis: 1. Branch current method is used to analyze circuits by choosing a reference node and assigning speculative current directions. Kirchhoff's laws are then used to solve for unknown currents. 2. Superposition theorem allows circuits with multiple sources to be analyzed by considering each source independently and then combining the results. 3. Thevenin's and Norton's theorems simplify complex circuits into equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source and series/parallel resistance. 4. Maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power will be delivered to a load when its resistance matches the internal resistance of the network, as seen from the equivalent Thevenin or Norton model.

Uploaded by

Krishanu Naskar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC NETWORK ANALYSIS

Network analysis is any structured technique used to


mathematically analyze a circuit
(a "network" of interconnected components).

Fig – 1 Fig - 2
Branch current method

The 1st step is to choose a node


(junction of wires) in the circuit to
use as a point of reference for our
unknown currents.

We'll choose the node joining the


right of R1, the top of R2, and the
leftof R3.
At this node, we guess which directions
the three wires' currents take, labeling
the three currents as I1, I2, and I3,
respectively. These directions of current
are speculative at this point.
&

Therefore,
Now that we know the magnitude of all currents in this circuit, we can calculate
voltage drops across all resistors with Ohm's Law (E=IR):
Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes a complex
subject and simplifies it in a way that makes perfect sense.
Since we have two sources of power in this circuit, we will have to calculate two sets of values for
voltage drops and/or currents,
one for the circuit with only the 28 volt battery in effect. . .

. . . and one for the circuit with only the 7 volt battery in effect:
When superimposing these
values of voltage and
current, we have to be very
careful to consider polarity
(voltage drop) and direction
(electron flow), as the
values have to be added
algebraically.

Applying these superimposed


voltage figures to the circuit, the
end result looks something like
this:
Currents add up
algebraically as well, and
can either be
superimposed as done
with the resistor voltage
drops, or simply
calculated from the final
voltage drops and
respective resistances
(I=E/R).

Once again applying


these superimposed
figures to our circuit:
Notes on Superposition theorem
• It must be noted, though, that the Superposition Theorem works only for circuits that
are reducible to series/parallel combinations for each of the power sources at a time
(thus, this theorem is useless for analyzing an unbalanced bridge circuit),
• It only works where the underlying equations are linear (no mathematical powers or
roots). The requisite of linearity means that Superposition Theorem is only applicable
for determining voltage and current, not power!!! Power dissipations, being nonlinear
functions, do not algebraically add to an accurate total when only one source is
considered at a time.
• The need for linearity also means this Theorem cannot be applied in circuits where the
resistance of a component changes with voltage or current. Hence, networks
containing components like lamps (incandescent or gas-discharge) or variable resistors
could not be analyzed.
• Another prerequisite for Superposition Theorem is that all components must be
"bilateral," meaning that they behave the same with electrons °owing either direction
through them. Resistors have no polarity-specific behavior, and so the circuits we've
been studying so far all meet this criterion.
The Superposition Theorem finds use in the study of alternating current (AC) circuits, and
semiconductor (amplifier) circuits, where sometimes AC is often mixed (superimposed)
with DC.
Thevenin's Theorem
Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex, to
an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and series resistance connected to a load.

In other words,
Thevenin's Theorem is especially useful in analyzing power systems and other circuits
where one particular resistor in the circuit (called the "load" resistor) is subject to change,
and re-calculation of the circuit is necessary with each trial value of load resistance, to
determine voltage across it and current through it. Let's take another look at our example
circuit:

Let's suppose that we decide to designate R2 as the "load" resistor in this circuit.
The advantage in performing the "Thevenin conversion" to the simpler circuit, of course, is
that it makes load voltage and load current so much easier to solve than in the original
network. Calculating the equivalent Thevenin source voltage and series resistance is actually
quite easy. First, the chosen load resistor is removed from the original circuit, replaced with a
break (open circuit):
Next, the voltage between the two points where the load resistor used to be attached is
determined. Use whatever analysis methods are at your disposal to do this. In this case, the
original circuit with the load resistor removed is nothing more than a simple series circuit
with opposing batteries, and so we can determine the voltage across the open load
terminals by applying the rules of series circuits, Ohm's Law, and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
The voltage between the two load connection points can be figured from the one of the
battery's voltage and one of the resistor's voltage drops, and comes out to 11.2 volts. This
is our "Thevenin voltage" (EThevenin) in the equivalent circuit:
To find the Thevenin series resistance for our equivalent circuit, we need to take the
original circuit (with the load resistor still removed), remove the power sources (in the
same style as we did with the Superposition Theorem: voltage sources replaced with
wires and current sources replaced with breaks), and figure the resistance from one load
terminal to the other:

With the removal of the two batteries, the total resistance measured at this location is
equal to R1 and R3 in parallel: 0.8 .

This is our "Thevenin resistance" (RThevenin) for the equivalent circuit:


Thevenin's Theorem is only useful for determining what happens to a single resistor in
a network: the load. The advantage, of course, is that you can quickly determine what
would happen to that single resistor if it were of a value other than 2 without having
to go through a lot of analysis again. Just plug in that other value for the load resistor
into the Thevenin equivalent circuit and a little bit of series circuit calculation will
give you the result.
Norton's Theorem
Norton's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and parallel resistance
connected to a load. Just as with Thevenin's Theorem, the qualification of "linear" is
identical to that found in the Superposition Theorem: all underlying equations must be
linear (no exponents or roots).
Contrasting our original example circuit against the Norton equivalent: it looks some thing
like this:
As with Thevenin's Theorem, everything in the original circuit except the load resistance has
been reduced to an equivalent circuit that is simpler to analyze. Also similar to Thevenin's
Theorem are the steps used in Norton's Theorem to calculate the Norton source current (I Norton)
and Norton resistance (RNorton).
As before, the first step is to identify the load resistance and remove it from the original
circuit:

Remember, the arrow notation


for a current source points in the
direction opposite that of
electron flow.
To calculate the Norton resistance (R Norton), we do the exact same thing as we did for calculating Thevenin
resistance (RThevenin): take the original circuit (with the load resistor still removed), remove the power sources
(in the same style as we did with the Superposition Theorem: voltage sources replaced with wires and
current sources replaced with breaks), and figure total resistance from one load connection point to the
other:

Now our Norton equivalent


circuit looks like this:
As with the Thevenin equivalent circuit, the only useful information from this analysis is the
voltage and current values for R2; the rest of the information is irrelevant to the original
circuit. However, the same advantages seen with Thevenin's Theorem apply to Norton's as
well: if we wish to analyze load resistor voltage and current over several different values of
load resistance, we can use the Norton equivalent circuit again and again, applying nothing
more complex than simple parallel circuit analysis to determine what's happening with each
trial load.
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

OR,

Simply stated, the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance
when that load resistance is equal to the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the network
supplying the power.

This is essentially what is aimed for in stereo system design, where speaker "impedance" is
matched to amplifier "impedance" for maximum sound power output.
So we start, taking our Thevenin equivalent example circuit, the Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem tells us that the load resistance resulting in greatest power dissipation is equal in
value to the Thevenin resistance (in this case, 0.8 ):
Now, if we were to try a lower value for the load resistance (0.5 instead of 0.8 , for
example), our power dissipated by the load resistance would decrease:

Power dissipation increased for both the Thevenin resistance and the total circuit, but
it decreased for the load resistor.
Likewise, if we increase the load resistance (1.1 instead of 0.8 , for example), power
dissipation will also be less than it was at 0.8 exactly:

Here we see, power dissipation decreased for both the Thevenin resistance and the
total circuit, and it decreased for the load resistor too.

Practical applications of this might include stereo amplifier design (seeking to


maximize power delivered to speakers) or electric vehicle design (seeking to
maximize power delivered to drive motor).

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