CDMA principle

CentFor Technologies Co., Ltd.

HR Center
2009.01
 CDMA Principle Introduction

Objective
• Know what is CDMA, and the related technology

2
 Content

Chapter 1 Principle of CDMA

Chapter 2 Radio Resource Management

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 CDMA Principle

Chapter 1 CDMA Principle

Radio transmission environment

Radio transmission technology and Multiply Access Technology
CDMA principle and RAKE Receiver Technology
Diversity
Smart Antenna
Multi-user monitoring technology

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 Multipath environment

ransmitted Signal

Strength
of signal

time

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 Fading
Transmitted signal

Received Signal
0
-5
-10
-15
dB

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
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 Fading

Received power (dBm)

-20 Fast fading

Slow fading

-40

-60

Distance (m)
10 20 30
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 Model of radio Channel

Channel weight
Transmitted signal

Channel weight Gaussian Noise

Received signal
Channel weight
channel 模拟
Channel weight
channel 模拟

channel 模拟
Model of Channel

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 Radio transmission technology and multi-
access technology

Multi access technology

• TDMA, FDMA, CDMA

Duplex technology
• TDD, FDD

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 Multi-access

frequency f
Traditional Multi-
access technology

time t
FDMA TDMA

f
CDMA

CDMA
Code
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 CDMA

• Multi-user sharing one frequency, increasing the utility of

frequency spectrum

• -CDMA system is a self-infection system : there are

interference among the system users.

• -the capacity of CDMA system is a soft-capacity.

When the number of users increasing, the system
performance decreased to all users. When the numbers of
users decrease, the system performance improved.

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 Types of CDMA
DS － CDMA
#Multi-users using the same frequency at the same time and at
the same place
#Can use the RAKE receiving technology
#Can monitor many BTS simultaneity
#Can do the Soft Handover ， decrease the drop call rate during
handover
FH － CDMA
#single user using a narrow bandwidth of frequency spectrum at a
single time. The used frequency jumped/changed accorded
with a certain rule. This jumping rule decided by the access
code.
TH － CDMA
#single user using a relatively wide frequency spectrum irregularly.
The time to use one frequency changed accord with a certain
rules and the time changing decided by the access code.

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 CDMA Sketch Map
frequency

DS

FH

TH

time

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 CDMA Basic

source channel Spread modulation

encoding encoding Spectrum

Radio Channel

Source Dispreading demodulation

Channel
Decoding decoding

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Simple CDMA Transceiver
Êý¾Ý Wide band
data ¿í ´ øµ÷ÖÆ
modem

Âë×Ö² úÉú
Code letter Ôز ¨ ² úÉú
Carrier wave
generate generate

Êý¾Ý
data Wide band Æ
½âÀ©
Dispreading ¿í ´ øµ÷Ö
modem

Âë×ÖÍ ¬² ½/¸
Code ú×Ù
letter Âë×Öletter
Code ² úÉú Carrier
Ôز ¨ ² wave
úÉú
timing/tracking generate generate

DS － CDMA signal transmitter/receiver

 CDMA code generation technology

• Random sequence （ Bernoulli sequence

）
– Half 0 half 1
– The probability for the number 1 or 0 appear continue sly. For once
is 1/2 ， for twice is 1/4 ， for Three successive is 1/8 ，…
– shift sequence half same with the original sequence, but the other
half is different

• M sequence
– Generated by shift register
– The longest is linear shift register sequence, the period is 2 n-1 （ n= lenth of
the shift register ）
– The self-correlation has one maximum （ when the delay is zero ）， the
other are -1 ， nomodromy nonambiguity
– Consistent with the nature of Bernoulli sequence

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 Gold Sequence
• Gold sequence
– Come from 2 optimized m sequence
– Self-function has many value, not better than m sequence
– Much more than m sequence
• Gold sequence have good self-correlation, be
used by distinguish BTS and user in CDMA
– The good self correlation decided the correlation of it’s Sub-
sequence is very low and can distinguish users and do multi-
access

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 Gold sequence generate

clong,1,n
MSB LSB

clong,2,n

Gold sequence have good Randomness

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 OVSF & Walsh

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

SF: spreading factor

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 SF & Call Data Rate
• symbol rate × SF ＝ chip rate
– Eg: WCDMA ， chip rate ＝ 3.84MHz ， SF ＝ 4 ，则 symbol rate ＝
960Kbps ；
– cdma2000-1x ， chip rate ＝ 1.2288MHz ， SF ＝ 64 ，则 symbol rate ＝
19.2Kbps ；
• symbol rate ＝（ Call Data Rate ＋ check code ） ×channel
encoding× punching rate
– WCDMA ， Call Data Rate ＝ 384Kbps ， channel encoding ＝ 1/3Turbo
code ， symbol rate ＝ 960Kbps ；
– cdma2000-1x ， Call Data Rate 9.6Kbps ， channel encoding ＝ 1/3
convolutional code ， symbol rate ＝ 19.2Kbps ；

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 spread spectrum & Dispreading （ DS-
CDMA ）
simbol

1
data
-1

ship
Spread
Code for spread spectrum 1
spectrum
-1

1
Signal after spreading spectrum=
-1
data*Code letter

Dispreadi
ng 1
Dispreading code
-1

1
Data=signal spreading
spectrum*code latter -1

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 Spectrum change in CDMA processing
P(f)
Spreading
spectrum P(f)
code

f f
Narrow band Wide band
signal
P(f)
signal

noise

Separate between
noise and signal
Signal noise+wide band signal
P(f) unify
P(f)
Spreading
f spectrum f
code

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 Multipath Environment

transmitted signal

Received
signal
strength

Time

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 Rake Receiver
Base band
inputting signal
Correlation- delay
Phase
type receiver equalizatio
with DLL rotate n

Local
Channel
spreading
analyzing
spectrum
channel1 combined

channel2

channel 3

Time

Delay analyzing

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 Frequency Selection Fading
intensity intensity

Big fading
Narrow band system

frequency frequency
transmitted signal Received fading signal

intensity intensity

Big
fading
Wideband system
frequency frequency
transmitted signal Received fading signal

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 Advantages of CDMA in radio channel

• Using RAKE receiver

• Wide band transmission system
• The multi-access of code letter, make use of multi-user diversity
effects
• The low power of signal during transmission lowered the
interferences and improving the security.
• SF changed flexible, benefits the Multiple Data concurrent
operations transmission like multimedia ，
• High efficiency of frequency, better than AMPS and GSM.
Frequency multiplexing factor
• Supporting soft handoff and Softer handoff
• Supporting new technology like MUD Multi-User Detection.

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 Diversity Technology

• Achieved according to the radio multi-channel transmission

existing in nature.

• Low price investment

• Overcome small scale fading (caused by the reflection of the

object near the MS), can use the barrage receiver to diversity

• Overcome large scale fading(caused by the shadow zone)

can choose a BTS which will not send signal to the shadow
area to send diversity.

• Transmitting diversity technology also can be used to improve

the throughput rate for single user in radio telecommunication

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 Diversity Technology

• Space diversity
– Space transmitting diversity
– Space receiving diversity
• Polarization diversity ： make use of the
irrelevance between horizontal component
and the vertical component
• Frequency diversity ： wide band signal
• Time diversity: resending signals based on
a interval time which exceeding the channel
time. RAKE receiver consider that a chip
time>channel time

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 Allocation for cells under Smart Antenna

Omni-directional cell 3 sectors cell Smart antenna cell

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 Advantages for Smart Antenna

 Can do wave beam tracking for high rate user and do

space separation and minimize conferences.
 Improve the system capacity
 Improve the coverage and the quality of the signal
receiving in the building and during fast moving.
 Improve quality of signal receiving, lower drop
call rate, improve the performance of the voice.
 Decrease the Transmitted Power, prolong the using
time for the battery of Mobil station.
 Improve the flexibility of the system when design.
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 Multi-user detection scheme (MUD)

• The CDMA receiver based on the principle of the

RAKE receiver ， regarding the interferences from
other users as noise

• The most optimized receiver is to check all the signals

and clear the interferences from other users ,to form
the expected signal.

• MUD can decrease the multi-access interference, then

improve the system capacity.

• MUD can clear the problem of Near-Far Effect

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 Content

Chapter 1 Principle of CDMA

Chapter 2 Radio Resource Management

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 RRM － Radio Resource Management

• Power is the final radio resources.

The most effective way to use radio resources is to control the use
of power.

• RRM is to combine QoS （ Quality of Service ） objective to

manage the power.

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 Purpose of RRM

• Purpose of RRM
– Ensure required QoS from CN

– Increase the coverage of the system

– Improve system capacity

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 Tasks of RRM

• Channel configuration ： for making sure about the QoS from CN, it
need to map QoS become the specialty of the Access Layer, then can
using the resources of the access layer service this connection.
• Power control: under the condition of ensuring the QoS from CN,
lowest the Transmitted Power, then minimizing this MS’s interferences
for the whole system, improving the capacity and coverage of the
system.
• Mobility Management ： ensure the QoS when MS is moving.
• Load control ： after certain amount of MS accessing, we need to
maintain a stable load of the whole system, with the purpose of every
user getting QoS in the system.

Ensure QoS ， save power

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 RRM Operation Mechanism

The mechanism for RRM operation

• Configure as requirement of the different calculation function .

Including the setting of channel parameters and the settings for
test.
• Collecting the test report and know the current status of the
radio resources ；
• Checking and analyzing the current connection status and the
radio resources status from the report, give conclusion about
that and make adjustment instruction (like handoff, parameters
adjust, reloading the channel…)

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