Systems Analysis and Design, 11th Edition

Scott Tilley and Harry Rosenblatt

Systems Analysis and Design
Chapter 4
Enterprise Modeling
• This chapter discusses data and
process modeling techniques that
analysts use to show how the system
transforms data into useful
information.
• The deliverable, or end product, of
data and process modeling is a
logical model that will support
business operations and meet user
needs.

3
Chapter Objectives
• Describe data and process modeling concepts and tools, including data
flow diagrams, a data dictionary, and process descriptions
• Describe the symbols used in data flow diagrams and explain the rules for
their use
• Draw data flow diagrams in a sequence, from general to specific
• Explain how to level and balance a set of data flow diagrams

4
Chapter Objectives
 Describe how a data dictionary is used and what it contains
 Use process description tools, including structured English, decision tables,
and decision trees
 Describe the relationship between logical and physical models

5
Introduction
 In chapter 5, you use data and process modeling techniques to develop a
logical model of the proposed system and document the system
requirements
 Logical model shows what the system must do
 Physical model describes how the system will be constructed

6
Overview of Data and Process Modeling Tools
 Systems analysts (SA) use many graphical techniques to describe an
information system
 A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) uses various symbols to show how the system
transforms input data into useful information

7
Data Flow Diagrams
 A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) shows
how data moves through an
information system but does not
show program logic or processing
steps
 A set of DFDs provides a logical
model that shows what the
system does, not how it does it

https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/data-flow-diagram

8
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
 DFDs use four
basic symbols
that represent
processes,
data flows,
data stores,
and entities
 Gane and

Sarson
symbol set
 Yourdon

symbol set

9
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
1. Process symbol
 Receives input data and produces output that has a different

content, form, or both

 Contain the business logic, also called business rules
 Referred to as a black box

does not show program logic

or processing steps

10
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
 Rules for Processes
 Processes cannot consume or create data
 Must have at least 1 input data flow (to avoid miracles)

 Must have at least 1 output data flow (to avoid black holes)

 Should have sufficient inputs to create outputs (to avoid gray

holes)

11
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
2. Data flow symbol
 Represents one or more

data items
 The symbol for a data flow

is a line with a single or

double arrowhead

12
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
2. Data flow symbol
 three data flow and process

combinations that must be

avoided:
 Spontaneous generation.

produces output, but has no input

data flow. Because it has no input,
the process is called a
spontaneous generation process.
 Black hole. which is a process that

has input, but produces no output.

 Gray hole. A gray hole is a process

that has at least one input and one

Insufficient output, but the input obviously is
input to insufficient to generate the output
generate
shown
output 13
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
 Rules for Data Flows
 From external entity (source) to system
 From system to external entity (sink)
 From internal symbol to internal symbol, but always either start or
end at a process

14
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
3. Data store symbol
 Represent data that the

system stores
 The physical characteristics

of a data store are

unimportant because you
are concerned only with a
logical model
 Is a flat rectangle that is

open on the right side and

closed on the left side

15
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
3. Data store symbol
 At least has 1 incoming &

outgoing data flow

16
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
 Rules for Data Stores
 Internal to the system
 Data at rest

 Include in system if the system processes transform the data

 Store, Add, Delete, Update

 Every data store on DFD should correspond to an entity on an ERD

17
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
4. Entity Symbol
 Name of the entity appears inside the symbol

 shows only external entities that provide data to

the system or receive output from the system.

 DFD entities are also called:
 Terminators: data origins or final destinations.

 Source: entity that supplies data to the system

 Sink: entity that receives data from the system

18
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD Symbols
 Rules for Entity
 External people, systems and data stores
 Reside outside the system, but interact with system

 Either
 a) receive info from system

 b) trigger system into motion

 c) provide new information to system

19
 YES NO

Rules
for
Using
DFD
Symbols

20
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Create a graphical model of the information system based on your fact-
finding results
 Three-step process
 Step 1: Draw a context diagram
 Step 2: Draw a diagram 0 DFD
 Step 3: Draw the lower-level diagrams

21
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Guidelines for Drawing DFDs
 Draw the context diagram so that it fits on one page
 Use the name of the information system as the process name in the
context diagram
 Use unique names within each set of symbols
 Do not cross lines
 Provide a unique name and reference number for each process
 Obtain as much user input and feedback as possible

22
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Step 1: Draw a Context Diagram
 A context diagram is a top-level view of an information system that shows
the system’s boundaries and scope.
 Provides the most general view of an information system and contains a
single process symbol, which is like a black box.
 To draw a context diagram, start by placing a single process symbol in the
centre of the page.
 The symbol represents the entire information system, and it is identified as
process 0.
 Data stores are not shown in the context diagram because they are
contained within the system and remain hidden until more detailed
diagrams are created.

23
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Step 1: Draw a Context Diagram

24
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Step 2: Draw a Diagram 0 DFD
 To show the detail inside the black box, a DFD diagram 0 is created.
 Diagram 0 provides an overview of all the components that interact to form
the overall system.
 It zooms in on the system and shows major internal processes, data flows, and
data stores. (Diagram 0 is an exploded view of process 0)
 Diagram 0 also repeats the entities and data flows that appear in the context
diagram. = all the connections that flow into and out of process 0 must be
retained.
 Parent diagram : the higher-level diagram
 Child diagram : the lower-level diagram
 Functional primitive : is a process that consists of a single function that is not
exploded further.

25
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Step 2: Draw a Diagram 0 DFD

26
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams
 Must use leveling and balancing techniques
 Leveling is the process of drawing a series of increasingly detailed
diagrams, until all functional primitives are identified.
 Balancing maintains consistency among a set of DFDs by ensuring
that input and output data flows align properly

27
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams
 Leveling examples
 Uses a series of increasingly
detailed DFDs to describe an
information system
 Leveling is also called exploding,

partitioning, or decomposing

28
Creating a Set of DFDs
 Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams
 Balancing examples
 Ensures that the input and output
data flows of the parent DFD are
maintained on the child DFD
 For example, Figure 5-16 shows

two DFDs: The order system

diagram 0 is shown at the top of
the figure, and the exploded
diagram 3 DFD is shown at the
bottom.

29
30
Data Dictionary
• A data dictionary, or data repository, is a central storehouse of
information about the system’s data
• An analyst uses the data dictionary to collect, document, and organize
specific facts about the system
• Also defines and describes all data elements and meaningful combinations
of data elements

31
Data Dictionary
 A data element, also called a data item or field, is the smallest piece of
data that has meaning
 Data elements are combined into records, also called data structures
 A record is a meaningful combination of related data elements that is
included in a data flow or retained in a data store

32
Data Dictionary
 Using CASE Tools for Documentation
 The more complex the system, the more difficult it is to maintain full
and accurate documentation
 Modern CASE tools simplify the task
 A CASE repository ensures data consistency

33
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Data Elements
 You must document every
data element in the data
dictionary
 The objective is the same: to
provide clear, comprehensive
information about the data
and processes that make up
the system

34
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Data Elements
 The following attributes usually are recorded and described
 Data element name and label
 Alias

 Type and length

 Default value
 Acceptable values - Domain and validity rules

35
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Data Elements
 The following attributes usually are recorded and described
 Source
 Security

 Responsible user(s)
 Description and comments

36
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Data Flows
 The typical attributes are as
follows
 Data flow name or label

 Description
 Alternate name(s)
 Origin

 Destination
 Record
 Volume and frequency

37
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Data Stores
 Typical characteristics of a data
store are
 Data store name or label

 Description
 Alternate name(s)
 Attributes

 Volume and frequency

38
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Processes
 Typical characteristics of a
process
 Process name or label

 Description
 Process number
 Process description

39
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Entities
 Typical characteristics of an
entity include
 Entity name

 Description
 Alternate name(s)
 Input data flows

 Output data flows

40
Data Dictionary
 Documenting the Records
 Typical characteristics of a
record include
 Record or data structure

name
 Definition or description

 Alternate name(s)

 Attributes

41
Data Dictionary
• Data Dictionary Reports
– Many valuable reports
• An alphabetized list of all data elements by name
• A report describing each data element and indicating the user or
department that is responsible for data entry, updating, or deletion
• A report of all data flows and data stores that use a particular data
element
• Detailed reports showing all characteristics of data elements,
records, data flows, processes, or any other selected item stored in
the data dictionary

42
Process Description Tools
• A process description documents the details of a functional primitive,
which represents a specific set of processing steps and business logic
• It should be noted that this chapter deals with structured analysis, but the
process description tools also can be used in object-oriented development,
which is described in Chapter 6

43
Process Description Tools
 Modular Design
 Based on combinations of three logical structures, sometimes called
control structures, which serve as building blocks for the process
 Sequence

 Selection
 Iteration - looping

44
Process Description Tools
 Structured English
 Must conform to the following rules
 Use only the three building blocks of sequence, selection, and
iteration
 Use indentation for readability
 Use a limited vocabulary, including standard terms used in the data

dictionary and specific words that describe the processing rules

45
Process Description Tools
 Structured English
 Might look familiar to programming students because it resembles
pseudocode
 The primary purpose of structured English is to describe the underlying
business logic

46
Process Description Tools
 Decision Tables
 Shows a logical structure, with all possible combinations of conditions
and resulting actions
 It is important to consider every possible outcome to ensure that you
have overlooked nothing
 The number of rules doubles each time you add a condition
 Can have more than two possible outcomes
 Often are the best way to describe a complex set of conditions

47
Process Description Tools
 Decision Tables

48
Process Description Tools
 Decision Trees
 Graphical representation of the conditions, actions, and rules found in a
decision table
 Whether to use a decision table or tree often is a matter of personal
preference

49
Logical Versus Physical Models
 While structured analysis tools are used to develop a logical model for a
new information system, such tools also can be used to develop physical
models of an information system
 A physical model shows how the system’s requirements are implemented

50
Logical Versus Physical Models
 Sequence of Models
 Many systems analysts create a physical model of the current system
and then develop a logical model of the current system before tackling
a logical model of the new system
 Performing that extra step allows them to understand the current
system better

51
Logical Versus Physical Models
 Four-Model Approach
 Develop a physical model of the current system, a logical model of the
current system, a logical model of the new system, and a physical
model of the new system
 The only disadvantage of the four-model approach is the added time
and cost

52
Chapter Summary
• During data and process modeling, a systems analyst develops graphical
models to show how the system transforms data into useful information
• The end product of data and process modeling is a logical model that will
support business operations and meet user needs
• Data and process modeling involves three main tools: data flow diagrams,
a data dictionary, and process descriptions

53
Chapter Summary
 Data flow diagrams (DFDs) graphically show the movement and
transformation of data in the information system
 DFDs use four symbols
 A set of DFDs is like a pyramid with the context diagram at the top

54
Chapter Summary
• The data dictionary is the central documentation tool for structured
analysis
• Each functional primitive process is documented using structured English,
decision tables, and decision trees
• Structured analysis tools can be used to develop a logical model during one
systems analysis phase, and a physical model during the systems design
phase

Chapter 5 complete

55
Chapter 4: Data & Process Modeling

Next Chapter…

Chapter 5: Development Strategies