Systems Analysis and Design, 11th Edition

Scott Tilley and Harry Rosenblatt

Systems Analysis and Design
Chapter 1
Introduction to Systems Analysis
and Design
Chapter Objectives
 Describe the impact of information technology
 Define systems analysis and design and the role of a systems
analyst
 Define an information system and describe its components
 Explain how profiles and models can represent business
functions and operations
 Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and
relationships

3
Chapter Objectives (Cont.)

 Identify various types of information

systems and explain who uses them
 Distinguish among structured analysis,

object-oriented analysis, and agile methods

 Explain the waterfall model, and how it has

evolved

4
The Impact of Information
Technology
 Information Technology (IT)
◦ Combination of hardware and software products
and services that companies use to manage, access,
communicate, and share information
 The Future of IT
◦ Will see robust growth for at least a decade
◦ The greatest need will be for systems analysts,
network administrators, data communications
analysts, and software engineers

5
The Impact of Information
Technology
 The Role of Systems Analysis and Design
◦ Systems Analysis and Design
 Step-by-step process for developing high-quality
information systems
◦ Systems Analyst
 Plan, develop, and maintain information systems

6
The Impact of Information
Technology
 Who develops Information Systems?
◦ In-house applications
◦ Software packages
◦ Internet-based application services
◦ Outsourcing
◦ Custom solutions
◦ Enterprise-wide software strategies
◦ How versus What

7
 Information System Components
• A system is a set of related
components that produces
specific results
• Mission-critical systems are
vital to a company’s
operations
• Information systems have
five key components:
hardware, software,
data, processes, and people
FIGURE 1-6 An information
system needs these
components.
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Information System Components
(Cont.)

 Hardware
◦ Is the physical layer of the information system
◦ Moore’s Law
 Software
◦ System software
◦ Application software
 Horizontal system
 Vertical system
 Legacy systems

FIGURE 1-7 Server farms provide the

enormous power and speed that
modern IT systems need.

9
Information System Components
(Cont.)

 Data
◦ Tables store data
◦ Linked tables work
together to supply
data
 Processes
◦ Describe the tasks and
business functions that
users, managers, and IT
staff members perform to
achieve specific results
 People
◦ Stakeholders
◦ Users or end users FIGURE 1-8 In a typical payroll system,
data is stored in separate tables that
are linked to form an overall database.
10
Understanding The Business
 Systems analysts use modeling to represent
company operations and information needs.
Business process modeling involves a
business profile and a set of models that
document business operations.

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Understanding The Business
◦ Business Profile - describe company overall
function
 overview of a company’s mission, functions,
organization, products, services, customers, suppliers,
competitors, constraints, and future direction.
 a systems analyst usually needs to do additional research
and fact-finding
 a business profile is the starting point for the modeling
process.

12
Understanding The Business
◦ Business Processes - a specific set of
transactions, events, and results that can be
described and documented

 A business process model (BPM)

graphically displays one or more
business processes, such as
handling an airline reservation,
filling a product order, or
updating a customer account

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Understanding The Business
Business Process Modeling Notation
(BPMN)
Computer-based tools for complex models
that includes standard shapes and symbols
to represent events, processes, workflows,
and more.
Multipurpose application such as Microsoft
Visio, CASE tools such as Visible Analyst, or
online diagramming tools such as draw.io
can be used to create BPMN models.

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Understanding The Business
 New Kinds of Companies
◦ Product-oriented
 routers, microchips
◦ Service-oriented
 resellers and providers of information
◦ Brick-and-mortar
 conduct business from physical locations
(have premises)
◦ Dot-com (.com) or Internet-dependent
 Amazon.com, Google, eBay, Yahoo!

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Impact of the Internet
 E-Commerce or I-Commerce
 B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
 B2B (Business-to-Business)

◦ EDI
◦ Extensible markup language (XML)
◦ Supplier relationship management (SRM)

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Impact of the Internet
 Web-Based System
Development
◦ WebSphere
◦ .NET
◦ Web services
◦ Internet-based
systems involve
various hardware and
software designs

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
• Enterprise
computing systems
– Support company-
wide operations and
data management
requirements
– Enterprise resource
planning (ERP)
– Many hardware and
software vendors
target the enterprise
computing market

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Transaction
processing systems
◦ Involve large amounts
of data and are
mission-critical
systems
◦ Efficient because they
process a set of
transaction-related
commands as a group
rather than
individually

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Business support systems
◦ Provide job-related information to users at all levels
of a company
◦ Management information systems (MIS)
◦ Radio frequency identification (RFID)
◦ What-if

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Knowledge management systems
◦ Called expert systems
◦ Simulate human reasoning by combining a
knowledge base and inference rules
◦ Many knowledge management systems use a
technique called fuzzy logic

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 User productivity systems
◦ Technology that improves productivity
◦ Groupware
 Information systems integration
◦ Most large companies require systems that
combine transaction processing, business support,
knowledge management, and user productivity
features

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Information System Users and Their
Needs

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Systems Development Tools
 Modeling
◦ Business model
◦ Requirements model
◦ Data model
◦ Object model
◦ Network model
◦ Process model

FIGURE 1-21 Microsoft Visio allows you to

drag and drop various symbols and
connect them to show a business
process.

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Systems Development Tools (Cont.)

 Prototyping
◦ Early working version of an information system
◦ Speeds up the development process significantly
◦ Important decisions might be made too early,
before business or IT issues are thoroughly
understood
◦ A prototype based on careful fact-fiing and
modeling techniques can be an extremely
valuable tool

25
Systems Development Tools (Cont.)

 Computer-Aided Systems Engineering

(CASE) Tools
◦ Provide an overall framework for systems
development and support a wide variety of design
methodologies such as:
 Structured analysis
 Object-oriented analysis
◦ Can generate program code, which speeds the
implementation process

26
Systems Development Methods
 Structured Analysis
◦ Traditional method for developing systems
◦ Organized into phases
 Object-Oriented Analysis
◦ More recent method for developing systems
◦ Objects represent actual people, things, or events
 Agile/Adaptive Methods
◦ Latest trend in software development
◦ Team-based effort broken down into cycles

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Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Structured Analysis
◦ Time-tested and easy to understand
◦ Uses phases called the systems development life
cycle (SDLC)
◦ Predictive approach
◦ Uses process
models to
describe a
system
graphically
FIGURE 1-24 This Visible Analyst screen
shows a process model for a school
registration system. The REGISTER
STUDENTS process accepts input data from
two sources and transforms it into output 28
Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

◦ The SDLC model usually includes five

steps
 Systems Planning
 Systems Analysis
 Systems Design
 Systems Implementation
 Systems Security and
Support

FIGURE 1-25 Development

phases and deliverables are
shown in the waterfall model.
The circular symbols indicate
interaction among the phases.
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Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Systems Planning
 Systems request – begins the process and describes
problems or desired changes
 Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary
investigation – a critical step
 Key part of preliminary investigation is a feasibility
study

30
Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Systems Analysis
 Build a logical model of the new system
 Perform fact-finding techniques
 Build business models, data and process models, and
object models
 Deliverable is the system requirements document

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Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Systems Design
 Create a physical model that satisfies all documented
requirements
 Design user interface
 Identify outputs, inputs, and processes
 Deliverable is the system design specification
 Management and user involvement is critical

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Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Systems Implementation
 New system is constructed
 Programs are written and tested
 System is installed
 Deliverable is a completely functioning and
documented information system
 Systems Support and Security
 A well-designed system must be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable
 Most information systems need to be updated
significantly or replaced after several years of
operation

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Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Object-Oriented Analysis
 Combines data and the processes that act on the data into
things called objects
 Objects are members of a
class, which is a collection
of similar objects
 Built-in processes,
called methods, can
change an object’s
properties
 O-O methodology
provides easy transition
to O-O programming
languages like Java FIGURE 1-26 The PERSON class includes
INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT objects, which
have their own properties and inherited
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properties.
Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Agile Methods
 Newest development technique as systems are
developed incrementally
 A series of prototypes are built and adjusted to
meet user requirements
 As the process continues, developers revise, extend,
and merge earlier versions into the final product
 Agile method emphasizes continuous feedback
 Iterative development
◦ Agile community has published the Agile Manifesto
◦ Spiral model

35
Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Agile Methods
◦ Agile process determines the end result
◦ Other adaptive variations and related methods exist
◦ Two examples are Scrum and Extreme
Programming (XP)
◦ Analysts should understand the pros and cons of
any approach before selecting a development
method

36
Systems Development Methods
(Cont.)

 Other Development Methods

 Teams consists of IT staff, users, and managers
 joint application development (JAD)
 Focuses on team-based fact-finding
 Rapid application development (RAD)
 A compressed version of the entire development
process

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Systems Development Guidelines
 Develop a project plan
 Involve users and listen carefully to them
 Use project management tools to identify

tasks and milestones

 Develop accurate cost and benefit

information
 Remain flexible

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 Chapter Summary
• IT refers to the combination of hardware and
software resources that companies use to
manage, access, communicate, and share
information
• The essential components of an information
system are hardware, software, data,
processes, and people

40
Chapter Summary (Cont.)

• Information systems are identified as

enterprise computing systems, transaction
processing systems, business support
systems, knowledge management systems, or
user productivity systems
• Organization structure includes top
managers, middle managers and knowledge
workers, supervisors and team leaders

41
Chapter Summary
• Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping, and
computer aided systems engineering (CASE)
tools
• Three popular system development approaches
are structured analysis, object-oriented analysis
(O-O), and agile methods, also called adaptive
methods
• Regardless of the development strategy, people,
tasks, timetables, and cost must be managed
effectively using project management tools

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Systems Analysis and Design, 11th Edition
Scott Tilley and Harry Rosenblatt