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Set, Relation and Function-2

The document discusses relations and sets. It provides examples of relations and checks whether the relations are reflexive, symmetric, or transitive. It also includes solutions to exercises involving operations on sets and relations.

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crixna manjunath
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51 views30 pages

Set, Relation and Function-2

The document discusses relations and sets. It provides examples of relations and checks whether the relations are reflexive, symmetric, or transitive. It also includes solutions to exercises involving operations on sets and relations.

Uploaded by

crixna manjunath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics

Session

Set, Relation & Function


Session - 2
Session Objectives
Class Test
Class Exercise - 1
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 8}, then
 A B    A B  is
(a) {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 8)}
(b) {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (8, 3)}
(c) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3), (8, 8)}
(d) {(8, 3), (8, 2), (8, 1), (8, 8)}
Solution

 A B    1, 2, 3, 8
A  B   3

 A B    A B     1,3  ,  2, 3  ,  3, 3  ,  8, 3  

Hence, answer is (b).


Class Exercise - 2
Let A and B be two non-empty sets
such that O  A B   n . Then prove
that A × B and B × A have n2
elements in common.
Solution
As  A  B    C  D    A  C    B D 

  A  B    B  A    A B    B  A 

  A B    A B 

 O   A  B    B  A    O   A B    A  B  

 O  A B  .O  A B 

  O  A  B    n2
2

 A  B and B  A have n2 elements is common.


Class Exercise - 3
R be a relation on set of natural numbers N
defined as R    a, b  | 3a  b  12, a, b  N . Find
the following.
(i) R, R–1 as sets of ordered pairs
(ii) Domain of R and R–1
(iii) Range of R and R–1
(iv) R–1 oR (v) R–1 in set-builder form
Solution
(i) R    a, b  |3a  b  12, a, b  N
= {(1, 9), (2, 6), (3, 3)}

R–1 = {(9, 1), (6, 2), (3, 3)}

(ii) Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3}


Domain (R–1) = {9, 6, 3}
(iii)Range (R) = {9, 6, 3}
Domain (R–1) = {1, 2, 3}
(iv){(9, 1), (6, 2), (3, 3)} o {(1, 9), (2, 6), (3, 3)}
= {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}

(v) R–1 = {(a, b) | a + 3b = 12, a, b  N }


Class Exercise - 4
Let R be a relation from A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
to B = {3, 6, 8, 9, 12} defined as
R    x, y  | x  A, y  B, x | y . Express R as
set of ordered pairs, find the domain and
the range of R, and also find R–1 in
set-builder form (where x | y means x
divides y).
Solution

R    x, y  | x  A, y  B, x | y
= {(2, 6), (2, 8), (2, 12), (3, 3), (3, 6), (3, 9), (3, 12),
(4, 8), (4, 12), (6, 6), (6, 12)}

Domain (R) = {2, 3, 4, 6}


Range (R) = {6, 8, 12, 3, 9}
R–1 = {(6, 2), (8, 2), (12, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3), (9, 3),
(12, 3), (8, 4), (12, 4), (6, 6), (12, 6)}

and R–1    x, y  |x  B, y  A, x is divisible by y}


Class Exercise - 5
Let R be a relation on Z defined as
 
R   x, y  | x, y  Z, x 2  y 2  25 . Express
R and R–1 as set of ordered pairs.
Hence, find the domain of R and R–1.
Solution

R = {(0, 5), (0, –5), (3, 4), (3, –4), (4, 3), (4, –3),
(5, 0), (–3, 4), (–3, –4), (–4, 3), (–4, –3), (–5, 0)}

R–1 = {(5, 0), (–5, 0), (4, 3), (–4, 3), (3, 4), (–3, 4),
(0, 5), (4, –3), (–4, –3), (3, –4), (–3, –4), (0, –5)} = R

 Domain (R) = Domain (R–1) = {0, 3, 4, 5, –3, –4, –5}


Class Exercise - 6
Let S be the set of all the straight
lines on a plane, R be a relation on S
defined as R    l1, l2  |l1  l2 , l1, l2  S .
Then check R for reflexivity,
symmetry and transitivity.
Solution
Reflexive:  l1, l1   R for any l1  S
as a line cannot be perpendicular to
itself.

Symmetric: Let  l1, l2   R i.e. l1  l2

 l2  l1

  l2 , l1   R
 R is symmetric

Transitive: Let  l1, l2  ,  l2 , l3   R , i.e. l1  l2 and l2  l3


  l1, l3   R as l1 || l3 .

 Not transitive
Class Exercise - 7
Let f = ‘n/m’ means that n is factor
of m or n divides m, where n, m  N .
Then the relation ‘f’ is
(a) reflexive and symmetric
(b) transitive and symmetric
(c) reflexive, transitive and symmetric
(d) reflexive, transitive and not symmetric
Solution
Reflexive: a/a  a  N
As a is factor of a   a  1.a 
 Reflexive

Symmetric: Let  a, b   f i.e. a/b or a


is a factor of b  b  ka for some k  N
1
 a b
k
 b is not a factor of a until and unless a = b
 not symmetric (but antisymmetric)
Solution contd..
Transitive: Let  a, b  ,  b, c   f
 a / b and b / c
 b  k1a and c  k 2b for some k1, k 2  N

 c  k 2k1a  a / c , i.e. a is factor of c

  a, c   f 

Hence, answer is (d).


Class Exercise - 8
Let S  R  R, where R is set of reals
defined as  x, y   S or xSy  x 2  y 2  1.
Check S for reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
Solution
Reflexive: Let  a, a   S , i.e.
1
a2  a2  1  2a2  1  a  
2
Hence,  a, a   S only for two values of R not  R
 Not reflexive

Symmetric: If  a, b   S , i.e. a2 + b2 = 1
 b2  a2  1
  b, a   S
 Symmetric
Solution contd..
Transitive: If  a, b  ,  b, c   S
i.e. a2 + b2 = 1 and b2 + c2 = 1

 a2  c 2

 a2  c 2 may not be 1
 Not transitive
Class Exercise - 9
Let A be a set of all the points in space.
Let R be a relation on A such that a1
Ra2 if distance between the points a1
and a2 is less than one unit. Then which
of the following is false?
(a) R is reflexive
(b) R is symmetric
(c) R is transitive
(d) R is not an equivalence relation
Solution
Reflexive: Distance between a1 and a1
is 0 less than one unit.
Hence, a1 Ra1a1  A
 Reflexive

Symmetric: If a1Ra2  Distance between a1 and a2 is


less than 1 unit.
 Distance between a2 and a1 is less than 1 unit.

 a2Ra1  Symmetric

Transitive: If a1 R a2 and a2 R a3
Solution contd..
 Distance between a1 and a2 is less
than 1 unit and distance between a2 and
a3 is less than 1 unit

 Distance between a1 and a3 is less than 1 unit.
0.9 0.9
For example, a1  a2  a3
 Distance between a1 and a3 = 1.8 > 1
 Not transitive

Hence, R is not an equivalence relation.

Hence, answer is (c).


Class Exercise - 10
Let N denote the set of all natural
numbers and R be the relation on
N × N defined by
 a, b  R  c, d  ad  b  c   bc  a  d  .
Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Solution

Reflexive: (a, b) R (a, b)


As ab(b + a) = ba(a + b)
 Reflexive

Symmetric: If (a, b) R (c, d)


 ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)
 cb(d + a) = da(c + b)
 (c, d) R (a, b)

 R is symmetric
Solution contd..
Transitive: If (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)

 ad(b + c) = bc(a + d) and cf(d + e) = de(c + f)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    and   
b c a d d e c f

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    and           
c d a b c d e f a b e f a f b e

 af(b + e) = be(a + f)  (a, b) R (e, f)

 Transitive
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Thank you

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