Basic HTML and CSS
Basic HTML and CSS
• Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet
• a connection of computer networks using the Internet Protocol (IP)
• layers of communication protocols: IP → TCP/UDP → HTTP/FTP/POP/SMTP/SSH...
Web servers and browsers
• web server: software that listens for web page requests
• Apache
• Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) (part of Windows)
• web browser: fetches/displays documents from web servers
• Mozilla Firefox
• Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
• Apple Safari
• Google Chrome
• Opera
Layers of protocol
Protocol:
a set of rules governing the format of data sent
IP address:
How do web addresses work?
DNS:
• a set of servers that map written names to IP addresses
• Example: www.cs.washington.edu → 128.208.3.88
• many systems maintain a local cache called a hosts file
URL:
• a basic URL:http://www.aw-bc.com/info/regesstepp/index.html
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
protocol host path
Who "runs" the internet?
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): internet protocol standards
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN):
decides top-level domain names
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): web standards
Brief History
• began as a US Department of Defense network called ARPANET (1960s-70s)
• initial services: electronic mail, file transfer
• opened to commercial interests in late 80s
• WWW created in 1989-91 by Tim Berners-Lee
• popular web browsers released: Netscape 1994, IE 1995
• Amazon.com opens in 1995; Google January 1996
• Hamster Dance web page created in 1999
Web languages / technologies
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): used for writing web pages
• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): stylistic info for web pages
• PHP Hypertext Processor (PHP): dynamically create pages on a web server
• JavaScript: interactive and programmable web pages
• Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax): accessing data for web applications
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML): metalanguage for organizing data
• Structured Query Language (SQL): interaction with databases
Structure of an HTML page
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
information about the page
</head>
<body>
page contents
</body>
</html>
Page title: <title>
describes the title of the web page
<title>Chapter 2: HTML Basics</title>
University of Whoville
Department of Computer Science
Sponsored by Micro$oft