Single photon
management for
Quantum Computers
Presented by:
Shivani Gupta
Electronics & Communication
Overview
Introduction and History
Data Representation
Operations on Data
Conclusion and Open Questions
Introduction
What is a quantum computer?
A quantum computer is a machine that performs
calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics,
which is the behavior of particles at the sub-atomic
level.
Introduction
1982 - Feynman proposed the idea of creating machines
based on the laws of quantum mechanics instead of the
laws of classical physics.
1985 - David Deutsch developed the quantum turing machine,
showing that quantum circuits are universal.
1994 - Peter Shor came up with a quantum algorithm to factor
very large numbers in polynomial time.
1997 - Lov Grover develops a quantum search algorithm with
O(√N) complexity
Overview
Introduction and History
Data Representation
Operations on Data
Conclusion and Open Questions
Representation of Data - Qubits
A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states
denoted by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit
A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an
atom. An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |
0>.
Excited Light pulse of
State frequency for
time interval t
Nucleus
Ground State |1>
State State |0> Electron
Representation of Data - Superposition
A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states
denoted by the addition of the state vectors:
|> = |0> + |1>
1 2
Where and are complex numbers and | | + | | = 1
2 2
1 2 1 2
A qubit in superposition is in both of the
states |1> and |0 at the same time
Representation of Data - Superposition
Light pulse of
frequency for time
interval t/2
State |0> State |0> + |1>
Consider a 3 bit qubit register. An equally weighted
superposition of all possible states would be denoted by:
|> = 1 |000> + 1 |001> + . . . + 1 |111>
√8 √8 √8
Relationships among data - Entanglement
Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit
correlations between states within a superposition.
Imagine two qubits, each in the state |0> + |1> (a superposition
of the 0 and 1.) We can entangle the two qubits such that the
measurement of one qubit is always correlated to the
measurement of the other qubit.
Overview
Introduction and History
Data Representation
Operations on Data
Conclusion and Open Questions
Operations on Qubits - Reversible Logic
Due to the nature of quantum physics, the destruction of
information in a gate will cause heat to be evolved which can
destroy the superposition of qubits.
Ex.
Input Output
The AND Gate In these 3 cases,
A B C information is
0 0 0 being destroyed
A 0 1 0
C
B 1 0 0
1 1 1
This type of gate cannot be used. We must use
Quantum Gates.
Quantum Gates
Quantum Gates are similar to classical gates, but do not have
a degenerate output. i.e. their original input state can be derived
from their output state, uniquely. They must be reversible.
This means that a deterministic computation can be performed
on a quantum computer only if it is reversible. Luckily, it has
been shown that any deterministic computation can be made
reversible.(Charles Bennet, 1973)
Quantum Gates - Hadamard
Simplest gate involves one qubit and is called a Hadamard
Gate (also known as a square-root of NOT gate.) Used to put
qubits into superposition.
H H
State State | State
0> + |1> |1>
|0>
Note: Two Hadamard gates used in
succession can be used as a NOT gate
Quantum Gates - Controlled NOT
A gate which operates on two qubits is called a
Controlled-NOT (CN) Gate. If the bit on the control line is
1, invert the bit on the target line.
Input Output
A - Target A’ A B A’ B’
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
B - Control B’ 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
Note: The CN gate has a similar
behavior to the XOR gate with some
extra information to make it reversible.
Quantum Gates - Controlled
Controlled NOT (CCN)
A gate which operates on three qubits is called a
Controlled Controlled NOT (CCN) Gate. If the bits on
both of the control lines is 1,then the target bit is inverted.
Input Output
A B C A’ B’ C’
A - Target A’ 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
B - Control 1 B’ 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
C - Control 2 C’ 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1
A Universal Quantum Computer
The CCN gate has been shown to be a universal reversible
logic gate as it can be used as a NAND gate.
A - Target A’ Input Output
A B C A’ B’ C’
0 0 0 0 0 0
B - Control 1 B’ 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
C - Control 2 C’ 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
When our target input is 1, our target 1 1 0 1 1 0
output is a result of a NAND of B and C. 1 1 1 0 1 1
Single Photon Source
That emits one and only one photon in each pulse.
Reduction of the two-photon probability relative to a Poisson
distribution.
The collection efficiency is enough to allow high repetition
frequency.
The photons can be extracted with high efficiency into free
space or fiber.
The radiative lifetime of the emission is short to have good
coherence and indistinguishablity.
Future of quantum
computers
NIST advances single photon management
for quantum computer
Two new papers* by researchers working at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have
brought science closer to creating reliable sources of
photons for these long-heralded devices.
The team's first paper addresses the need to be certain that
photon is indeed coming when the processor is expecting it .
In a second paper, the NIST team describes a photon source to
address two other requirements.
