ECE3013 – LINEAR INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS

MODULE-I
OP-AMP
CHARACTERISTICS

Dr.S.Umadevi
Associate Professor, SENSE,
VIT Chennai
INTRODUCTIO
N
 INTRODUCTION
 OP-amp is a direct coupled high gain amplifier usually consist of one or more
differential amplifier and followed by a level translator and output stage

 Direct coupling or conductive coupling passes the full spectrum of frequencies

including direct current

 Op-amp is versatile device that can be used to amplify AC as well as DC signals.

 It was originally designed for performing mathematical operation such as addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and integration (that is why it is called as operational
amplifier)

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 INTRODUCTION
 Operational amplifier is available as a single integrated circuit
package

 In addition with suitable feedback components, the op amp can

be used for variety of applications comparators, filters,
oscillators, regulators and so on

 Op amp are classified as :

(i). General purpose (IC741 & IC 351)
(ii). Special purpose (LM380)
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 INTRODUCTION

Block diagram of a typical op-amp

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 INTRODUCTION

Block diagram of a typical op-amp

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 INTRODUCTION

Circuit diagram of a typical op-amp

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 INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION
 Input stage: A differential amplifier that provides high voltage gain and
high input impedance

 Intermediate stage: Another differential amplifier used for providing

additional voltage gain

 Level shifter: A emitter follower circuit used to bring the DC level to the
ground potential when no input signal is applied

 Output stage: A push pull complementary amplifier used to provides low

output impedance, large AC output swings and high current sourcing and
sinking capability
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 OP-AMP
TERMINALS
 OP-AMP TERMINALS

Pin Diagram of Op-Amp

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 OP-AMP TERMINALS

Op-amp of Manufacturers

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 OP-AMP TERMINALS

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 OP-AMP TERMINALS

Metal Can
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 OP-AMP TERMINALS

Symbol of Op-Amp
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 OP-AMP TERMINALS

Symbol of Op-Amp
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 OP-AMP TERMINALS

Symbol of Op-Amp
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 OP-AMP TERMINALS

Power supply for op-amp

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 OP-AMP
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
 OP-AMP EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Symbol of Op-Amp
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 OP-AMP EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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 OP-AMP EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 
AOLVd = Thevenin voltage source

R0 = Thevenin equivalent resistance looking back into the output

terminal of an op-amp
AOL= Large-signal voltage gain

Vd = difference input voltage

V1 = Voltage at the non inverting input terminal with respect to

ground
V2 = Voltage at the inverting terminal with respect to ground

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IDEAL OP-AMP
 IDEAL OP-AMP

Characteristics Symbol Ideal Values Practical values

Open loop voltage gain AOL ∞ 200000
Input resistance Rn ∞ 2 MΩ
Output resistance R0 0 75 Ω
Offset voltage V0 0 6 mV
Bandwidth BW ∞ 1 MHz
CMRR ρ ∞ 90 dB
Slew rate S ∞ 0.5 V/µs

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 IDEAL OP-AMP

• Infinite voltage gain

• Infinite Input resistance = Almost any signal source can drive it and there is
no loading of the proceeding stage
• Zero output resistance = output can drive an infinite number of other
devices
• Infinite bandwidth= Frequency signal 0 to ∞ Hz can be amplified without
attenuation
• Infinite slew rate = Maximum rate at which an amplifier can respond to an
abrupt change of input level

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 IDEAL OP-AMP

If V1> V2  V0 will be in + saturation

If V2>V1  V0 will be in – saturation

• Output assumes one of the two possible output states ( that is +Vsat or –Vsat)
• Amplifier acts as a switch

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 IDEAL OP-AMP
Application :

• Voltage comparator
• Zero crossing detector

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IDEAL INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
 IDEAL INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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PRACTICAL
INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
 PRACTICAL INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 PRACTICAL INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 PRACTICAL INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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IDEAL NON-
INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
 IDEAL NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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PRACTICAL NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
PRACTICAL NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
PRACTICAL NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
PRACTICAL NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
 VOLTAGE FOLLOWER/ UNITY GAIN BUFFER
In a closed loop non-inverting amplifier

Gain = 1 + Rf/Ri

If Rf=0 ( no feedback) and Ri = ∞

Gain = 1

• Hence V0/Vi = 1
Calculate the voltage gain for each stage of this amplifier circuit then calculate the overall voltage gain
PRACTICAL OP-AMP
DC
CHARACTERISTICS
An Ideal op-amp, no current drawn from the source and its response is also independent of temperature

But in real op-amp,

 1. Current is taken from the source into the op-amp inputs

 2. Mismatch in transistor

 3. Shifts its operation with temperature

Non ideal dc characteristics that add error components to the dc output voltage are,

 1. Input bias current

 2. Input offset current

 3. Input offset voltage

 4. Thermal drifty
INPUT BIAS CURRENT

• Input bias current

 INPUT BIAS CURRENT
 IB1 = dc bias current flowing into the non inverting input
 IB2= dc bias current flowing into the inverting input
 IB1 & IB2 = base currents of the two transistors in the input differential
stage
 Though both the transistors are identical, practically it is not possible to
have,
IB1 = IB2
IB is very small (few hundred nano amperes, 500nA maximum at supply
voltages ± 15 V

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 INPUT BIAS CURRENT
 Input bias current causes significant output offset voltage in circuits using
relatively large FB resistance

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 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

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 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

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 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

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 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

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 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

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 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

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 INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

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 INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

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 INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

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 INPUT OFFSET CURRENT
COMPENSATION
 The effect of offset current can be minimized by keeping feedback
resistance small.

 But to obtain a high input impedance, R1 must be kept large, so Rf also

should be high to get reasonable gain

 T-Feedback is the good solution to solve this problem

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 DC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

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 DC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT
 The T-Feedback allow large feedback resistance while keeping the
resistance to ground low

 The T-feedback network provides a feedback signal as if the network were

a single feedback resistor

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OFFSET VOLTAGE COMPENSATION NETWORK
OFFSET VOLTAGE COMPENSATION NETWORK
OFFSET VOLTAGE COMPENSATION NETWORK
 THERMAL DRIFT

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 AC
CHARACTERISTICS
OF OP-AMP
 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 Ideally op-amp should have a infinite bandwidth
 But the practical op-amp gain decreases (roll-off) at higher frequencies
 Reason: capacitance due to physical characteristics of the device (BJT or
FET) and internal construction of op-amp
 For op-amp with one break (corner) frequency, all the capacitance effect
can be represented by a single capacitor C (figure)
 There is only one pole due to R0C and one -20dB/decade roll-off comes
into effect.
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 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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 AC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 The open loop frequency response is flat 90dB from low frequencies (DC
Signals) to 200kHz for the first break frequency

 From 200kHz to 2MHz gain drops from 90dB to 70dB which is

-20dB/decade.

 At frequency from 2MHz to 20MHz the roll-off rate is -40 dB/decade

 As frequency is increasing, cascading effect of RC poles comes into effect

and roll-off rate increasing successively by -20dB/decade
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 SLEW RATE
 The Slew Rate of an op amp describes how fast the output voltage can
change in response to an immediate change in voltage at the input.

 The higher the value (in V/µs) of slew rate, the faster the output can
change and the more easily it can reproduce high frequency signals.

 If a square wave is applied to the input of the op amp, the output should
also be a square wave.

 However the fast rising and falling edges of the square wave can tend to
cause the amplifier to oscillate for a short time after the rise or fall.

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 SLEW RATE
 To prevent this effect, the op amp’s internal circuitry contains a small
amount of compensation capacitance that slows down the rate of change
by acting as a CR time constant so that very fast transient voltages do not
trigger oscillation, but this compensation also limits the slew rate of the op
amp as shown in Figure.

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 SLEW RATE
 If the largest possible voltage swing and the highest frequency of the signal are
known, the minimum required slew rate for the op amp can be calculated using
the formula:

Where f = the highest signal frequency (Hz) and Vpk = the maximum peak
voltage of the signal.

 For example if an op amp is to amplify a signal with a peak amplitude of 6 volts

at a frequency of 40kHz, an op amp with a slew rate of at least 2π x 40 exp3 x 6
= 1.5V/µs would be required.

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 SLEW RATE

 
• The maximum frequency fmax at which we can obtain an undistorted
output voltage with a peak value of Vop is determined by the
slewrate in accordance with

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 SLEW RATE EXERCISE

1. 1. Slew rate for a 741 is 0.5 V/µs. At what maximum frequency can you get an
undistorted sine-wave output voltage of a) 10 V peak b) 1V peak
2. Ans : a) fmax = 8 kHz b) fmax = 80 kHz

3. 2. What is the open-loop gain of an op-amp that has a unity-gain bandwidth of 1.5 MHz
for a signal of 1kHz.
4. Open-loop gain at 1kHz = Bandwidth unity gain / Input signal frequency f
5. Ans : 1500
 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO (CMRR)

 The input to the difference amplifier in general contains two components:

common mode and difference mode signal.

 The common mode signal (VCM) is the difference between two input
signal, where as the difference mode signal is difference between two
input signal (VDM)
VCM = (V1+V2)/2 VDM=(V1-V2)

 Ideally, an amplifier affect difference mode signal only. However the

common mode signal is also amplified to some degree

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 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO (CMRR)

 The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) defined as the ratio of the
difference signal voltage gain to the common mode voltage signal gain

CMRR = ADM/ACM

 And it provides an indication of how well an op amp does at rejecting a

signal applied simultaneously to both inputs

 Greater the value of the CMRR better the performance of the op amp. For
the 741C, CMRR is 90 dB typically.

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 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO (CMRR)
 An ideal differential op-amp responds only to the difference in the
voltages applied to its input terminals and produces no output for a
common mode input voltage.

 In practical op-amps, common mode input voltages are not entirely

subtracted at the output due to slightly different gains between the
inverting and non-inverting inputs.

 The gain of an op-amp for common mode input voltage is known as the
common mode response. The ratio of the gain with the signal applied
differentially to the common mode response is called the common mode
rejection ratio, CMRR.
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THANK YOU

by VI
DE
M A